Bitcoin Forum

I'm interesting in investing, but when I start use telegram and FB as resource of project, a lot of people start write me in PM and asking abt my plan in crypto, how much money I have, a tonnes of advertising. And I feel that they are scammers. But they are almost always people with real names and faces ( i hope so). On the other hand I have this forum without real names and faces, but also without all madness that i had in telegram and FB.

The main question is - How to make your own choice and how to avoid bad influence, and understand when you are scammed?

I'm afraid to get confused in the big flow of information with advertising and I don't know what to focus on.
and to be sure that you read all my topic ( not only a subject) i what also want to ask how much time every day you spend to find, make a research abt project, read or write on this or another forum.

Thanks to all of you!

First of all, don't put a single dime anywhere because "X" told you that you will get profits from that.
Yes they are and once they feel you're a newbie or don't know what you're doing they will come in a line one after the other trying to rip you off whatever they can.

You said you wanted to get into crypto. What choice is confusing you ? I guess you're talking about investing into new or undervalued coins or you're asking in general.
Look generally traders or people who want to get profits from crypto keep a few coins in their mind. Like ether, zcash, bitcoin itself, monero, litecoin, dash, nem and many others.

So basically you checkout a certain coin and you take a look at the current price of that coin and the past months. If it's right now at a high overall price, it means that this is not the time to buy. So you check another one till you find one which is usually higher than that current price. That's the one that you buy.

I guess the rest is easy. Wait and hold until it goes up and don't sell unless it starts falling again to benefit from the whole pump.
Since everyone is interested in bitcoin only now, I guess the price of a lot of coins right now is really interesting but at the same time the point of gaining free Bitcoin Gold sounds much better. It's a game. Make your choice :D

Those who promises a big return of investment 50% or 100% is definitely a scam. No company can afford that such big roi. For your question how to make your own choice in investing, I assume that you are refering to altcoins. As you said you spend time reading or research for a particular project, doing the same thing  will help you understand well the altcoins. Buy only popular coins. Sell when value high and hold your coins when the value is low. You also mentioned that you don't know where to focus on.For me you should set your goal first, set your priorities.

There are always scams who take advantage of the situation either in this forum or in other social media such as facebook

First step understand first what you will invest ,, before investing you must know first rule

This bitcoin forum I'm sure many will tell information about crypto and will give positive suggestions to avoid scams.often asking means will understand

The keyword here is to carry out research about the project. Don't ever fall for people advertising to you directly on FB/Tele its all marketing. The ideology of a project should be read about and understood properly in order to be able to judge whether it will make an impact in the ever growing world of altcoins.

1. The project must have the product already working.
2. The project is supported by a team of developers and advisory team who have a clean and good track record.
3. The project has a detailed whitepaper.
4. Long-term plan.

I like your list above, but the issue I have with most of these project with working product is overvaluation of their tokens, if they have a ready product why not just move to the market straight but they will first come for ICOs to milk investors dry.

Even I too found the messages like that very often but I ignore them with ease.they Pm me saying this coin will pump to 100% in 10 days like that but I ignore them. It is advised to you that please ignore those messages and do your own reserch reading their websites blogs and social media and their previous behaviour in the market.

I have been looking for crypto in 2014 and I always hear the bad influence on crypto and others. but I ignore it and now I have my own income from crypto and this forum, if you're interested in finding crypto, you should learn from here by reading each thread and posting someone if you want to find answers to your questions. I just spend a little time in the forum because I have a life outside with my family. for you to start believing that future crypto will be bright and have a high price especially bitcoin

Thank you! Your advice are very useful and interesting.

Short answer is, there is no simple way to tell a good investment from a bad investment otherwise we'd all be millionaires. You can minimize your risk through lots of research and time/experience.

Other than that start low then increase your investment amounts over time as you feel more confident.

Project work is going on.All of their whitepaper must be given in details.They should have long-term plans. These will be seen before.It would be nice to have these qualities of the project.

I try to put half of my efforts to reading about the coin that I might be interested in to invest, all the news about them. and another half of my efforts I'm spending to analyze technically from graphs as I'm coming from stocks exchange and my habits forces me to use technical analysis even if it doesn't work same as stocks.

Actually no one is able to make his own choice, every choice is the mix of things that he see on the internet. The best thing is being smart, and not falling in traps while trying to catch big fish.

all you have to do is a good research and read  carefully  white paper cause is the body of your investment , also you have to check the team and the project solidity.

It is so simply, if you want to make your own choice just make your OWN research of example alt.
If you are not able to do it then you will need to support yourself with others opisions etc. sometimes accurate or wrong.
Firstly you should know your situation, how much want you risk, how much invest, for how long?
And then pick your target group of alts and make a great research and choose the best one.

There is always a risk. Even almost perfect projects can be fraudulent. White paper? Can be copied from other projects. Command? You can use any photos of people and write about them anything. Although there is a clue. For example, collect information from social networks. How people work, study, relax with their families. If people are scammers, then they will not show themselves and family members, children. But, they can not know that their personal data is being used by someone. In this case, you can throw questions through social networks.

I research the project and team behind it. I look closely at what has a low enough market cap where it will definitly gain. And I look at the potential and how close to a finished product it has.

If someone promises high profits in short time = scam. If you are talking about investing in programs not coins, then you should follow some "big" and legit leaders, they know what's right and what's not, so just stick to where they invest.

1 Ico's purpose to help the development process of the working product. and the number one is wrong.
2 But about to catch some advisor just like a shady thing like what already happened with tezos to hire some poeple to hype the project.
3 I agree with it about the decent whitepaper and the structure of the whitepaper.
4 Transparency and active development seems to be another value rather than long-term plan.

You are the only one who can reply to your answer, because you are the only one who has your money, not us. But if you are looking for a sugestion, i would recommend you to not invest into altcoins right now, they are bleeding a lot and it seems that this blood path is not going to end soon. So better to buy some bitcoin right now and wait for the fork, it will probably drop a bit, but it will recover, you all know how bitcoin works, it always goes up.

With time you will start to learn how to filter information from all the noise. Most of the info you see in the crypto space, and I mean here in bitcointalk, slacks, reddit, twitter gurus, facebook groups, telegram channels, are from people promoting their own investments. Not people from the dev team but common people like you and me that have invested their money in a given project and from that moment they promote it even to their friends.

Those trying to scam you, I havent seen much of that because I usually close the window and move on.

Research what you want to invest in thoroughly because there won't be a chance for you to make that money back if the price gets too damaged. The announcement thread is the main source for information.

It's really hard to decide which one is a scam and which one is a legit ICO to invest. All you can do is minimize your risk. Do your research thoroughly about the project (whitepaper, timeline, etc) and the people backing it up.  If something sounds to good to be true for you, it's because it is. Do not put all your money into 1 investment. Spread it out to 2 or more so you won't loss too much if scammed. With good research, they can't ALL be scams right?  ::)

In investing you can make your own choice in where you can invest your bitcoin. There are so many site in where you can invest your bitcoin. One of the best bitcoin trading website is the poloniex . It is an online money trading website in where you can invest your bitcoin by and sell bitcoin and earn so much money.

Understand what project you want to invest. Understand every whitepaper contents if any. If you are still in doubt, you can try to talk directly to the team and try to ask the true purpose of the project :)

Its our own choice where to invest our bitcoin,there are so many site where should we invest it like bitfinex or poloniex its a legit trading website that you can buy and sell your bitcoin.but one thing's should we  always do being a vigilant to our btc in terms of business transaction.

for me and my own experience i would rather say that there is no simple way to distinguish a good investment from bad investment otherwise we are all millionaires right now buy doing research you can minimize the rish time to time. start investing small if you feel confident enough invest big but not give all

Everyone can make their own choices easily but the profitability of that choice depends.
First of all one need to make research on project's team members. Are they legit? What is their background? Can they work on this project efficiently? Are they capable of running a good project even in the bad times etc. We need to ask these type of questions ourselves to get the maximum benefit of team research.

for those who are new don't ever fall to the advertisement easily even though it on facebook or Tele its all marketing.you should know what are the project truly are you should read it whitepaper in other to judge it whether it has a impact of the growing of the world of altcoins

You invest in a project you believe in, you don't invest just because you can make money. This is not an investment, is a bet!
Invest only in good projects and projects you have research very well, for two reasons. First because only good projects is fair to get people support and secondly you lower the risk to lost your money.

At a minimum, you can follow known people in the crypto industry and listen to what they say and about whom. Having created such a list on your own Twitter you can receive the necessary tips. For example, I have this list https://twitter.com/iamcrumplecat/lists/cryptoratory (https://twitter.com/iamcrumplecat/lists/cryptoratory) which I constantly replenish. However, you can subscribe to it too :)

Those who say that you can double your money in just a few days is definitely a scam. and do not believe there, yes real faces and real you earn really there. But he also dies and their real purpose is to earn money from the money you invest in their so-called company. So before investing, think about it. There is no investment that you can quickly recover your money. It is better to enter into trading

I don't know why you're having a hard time on this. If you think you can't trust someone trying to attract your investments, then don't. The thing is, you invest in the project not the people behind the project. Do the research on your, it's not that hard but it takes time. Never fall for advertisements, a good project will help make a name on its own.

Having some knowledge of technical analysis in order to read and understand price charts will also help.

My simple rule of thumb to avoid scams is that "If it is too good to be true, it probably is a scam".
Whenever I come across an interesting project I read about the project by checking for available information online. I also use bitcointalk.com forum as there are a lot of ppl with experience who can provide their opinion.
If the information does not convince me then I don't invest in such projects.

Also check some of the rating sites like Smith & Crown etc.  See what else you can find out about the company outside of the whitepaper.  Is it something new just created to do an ICO or is it a long term endeavor to create a quality product?  There has to be a compelling argument that the management team can achieve what they say they will.

I agree with this but scam can be avoided even with other things as well as how much better we are here than the scammer so they are called scammer because they know how to attract people to different styles. So double checks will be done here but triple checks will be done to prevent this. That's exactly what i need to get you into an investment project.

Do some research on projects that interest you. Checked their whitepaper, roadmap etc. Check the team and check they are legitimately part of that project by checking their linkedin profiles.

I mostly follow the whitepaper to see if the project is worth investing in

Before we can invest in any of the coins. we should look at the background, and who is promoter of it, must definitely see their profiles, many of the deceased administrators are cheating on the name of ico, We should see from the Top 20 Coin in the coinmarketscap;, which Coin can give us a profit .I have invested for long time in Waves, LTC and DogeCoin, it can give good profits in the coming year. After Bitcoin, ETH is a good investment option which is currently running at the lowest rate and can be recovered quickly.

Yes if one is investing in crypto for sake of making money he must buy at low and then hold for some days and after the pump occurs that is definite he must cash out his coin this will give a lot of profit and there are a lot people around me who did so and earned more than million by doing this, making money is just moving around the coin you invest and bitcoin is the most promising in this aspect.

First dont look at adverts. That is not a good source of information because it wants to sell you something.
If you heare about something, make your own research and also search for the bad sides. Than decide rational what side is more trustful.
For example if you google "bitconnect," you will find a lot of positive because people are promoting it to get referral rewards. Google also "bitconnect scam" and you will find a lot of negative arguments. Then decide who you want to trust.

Before investing I set first my goal, do research, watch videos and read a lot in a forum. Its been always my practice to also determine my tolerance in risk for me not to end up with failed decisions. And I made it sure that my decision is base on my belief and not being influence by other people.

In this sea of scam really hard to find good one, as for me when I do my own choise, I read about project and team a lot of information and do a lot of researches. Project must be promising and must work. But always will be risks so It's up to you.

Now a days its really hard to trust people. Many of them will just make you believe and get your money or in other word will scam you. For me its better if you do a background check to the person  who are trying to convince to invest. And also do a research about the campaign, product, project or services that you are planning to invest.

Be carefull with scammers, there are a lot of them. The best way to invest is to do a lot of research, see stadistics, and read news about crypto world. If you feel that you dont know much just create an account in one of the bigest exchangers and buy bitcoins. Then start to investigate altcoins and pick the one that you most like. In my case I am investing in deeponion because I really like the coin. Just learn as much as you can.

Start from your own research every time, then ask people and read here other people's opinion on your own list of chosen coins! At the end, you will buy something because of the influence of other people, but it will be something from your own list!

1. Invest in those projects which have good whitepaper and offers something different than other are providing right now.
2. Don't invest in projects where their representatives try to convince you to invest in their project.
3. Don't invest in ICO's that give referral commission to all their affiliates.
4. If the project doesn't have any prototype than probably they might run away after ICO without any development.
5. Also check social media accounts of every team members and if you can't find those info on their webpage than probably they want to remain anonymous during ICO so that they can run away easily after ICO.

Look for trust able coins don't invest in some scam coins or a joke coins that are made for no reason. Invest a little bit first to check if its trust able and if you can make a profit.

Investing in altcoins is now a weird idea because a lot of people have made a great profit from it, but only from investing in the good coins.

which has been explained by friends to invest the first
1. The project must have the product already working.
2. The project is supported by a team of developers and advisory team who have a clean and good track record.
3. The project has a detailed whitepaper.
4. Long-term plan.

For me the first rule of learning how and what to invest is to be a searcher. Don’t trust anyone anonymous in this forum. Do your own search and decide your self , it’s your money.

To form my independent opinion I need to be an expert in the field I want to invest. A person can not be an expert in everything. It's means either to look for other opinions, or not to invest at all. So i can't trust nor to real persons in FB nor  to anonymous in this forum.
where i can find such expert?

if I think the first thing you should do is read the whitepaper and anyone who participates in the project.
for example a good project is ethereum, waves, litecoin

good research through forums check about the team project the solidity and of course if the project is promising. whitepaper is a good start research.

Of course, our final decision is our final choice. But before of having thay, of course we seek and gather reviews or feedback about a certain ICO we have planning to invest. This is to make sure that we can have profit at the end, not by losing our money.

I think the best way to avoid bad things in cryptocurrency world, getting more and more information from the forum and the other news sources. Knowledge is so important on investing strategies, improving the knowledge is the way of making good choices on your own.

This decision is never been easy as we need too much hard work research is key but many other things also count as team of devs and purpose read white-paper and do analysis if you want to earn some good profit otherwise you will lost your hard earned money very quickly and its non refundable

This forum is very useful to know the popular ways how to avoid scammers.
But unfortunately, that is not enough, because every day new scammed strategy is developed. 

Where the money are there are a possibility of scam, especially if it's cryptocurrency. The risk of scam is one of the biggest problem in our activity.
But it is also excitement. May be that`s why it is so interesting for us.

i am still at training about finding good bounty and ICO and olsa investment.This market is so unexpectedable and anybody can't see the future but markets first rule is patience and i got patience a lot.Slow ride,always ride

Well don't really fall for that trap cause if some do that they really trying to scam you, so better research for some better where is the good place for investment. Investing is not an easy way it has lot of fluctuations because in the first place your money is in the hands of others and investing in crypto you will encounter downfalls not always in the good run. Well, if you can do basic trading that isn't way too risky to have to because somehow you yourself managed it.

i will do watch for a long time and do my own research, not only crypto or other investments, we should be responsible for our own money

Make a study on their own website. Do some research from the digital forum.
Read their roadmap, whitepaper.
And Good luck.
No risk no gain.

Yesterday I came across an awesome project (Cryptocopy) that proposes to copy investments of the top 100 and top 1000 successful investors. They track them in the blockchain, form such tops and give a platform through which you can copy. I think that this is a very promising project and an assistant in the choice of projects for investment. I found it necessary to report this in the context of answering your question. You can see the topic of the project here :) https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2251942.0 (https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2251942.0)

you need to research or have a background on what you are about to invest. People that are oftenly message you to invest with their project is an scam, companies do not need to message you to invest to them they do not have that time for you to entertain instead they will just advertise on social media sites.

Most important thing is to do your own research.

I look for decent volume so it won't be all over the place.

Decent history - either it's "undervalued" now, or steady and potentially likely to breakout.

Assess the project - is there a need for it exist? does it solve a problem? where does it add value beyond btc/ethereum? does it actually have the potential to be useful in the "real world"? what's the community like (is the dev active, do the community really try to push it)?

Monitor it for a short while. See if there's any rumours, see how it moves.

When you feel like you understand the coin, then you can jump in.

I make my own decision or choice in investing after i make things done, i finish researching first a lot before i make a choice if i will invest or not because i always need to find satisfying things by researching before i invest some of my money because if i don't find any good information then i will not invest.

Thanks for your reply. I see that you are experience member here. I did my own investigation abt Confideal, thinking abt investing but still doubted.
will be thankful for your thought abt it


I see that scammer are everywhere, but I like this forum because ppl don't write me in pm, ha-ha

To avoid those bad influence or scammers dont trust anyone offering you to help or said that it can benefits you with the project but taking advantage of you not being aware of whats really happening. Better to have your own research and ask for help to those trusted people or members here.

About spending time doing research or posting in forums, as long as i have free time usually after my daily work while having some rest im also in front of my computer for about 2-3 hours depends on my mood.

For me I suggest you to don't investing to any ICO until you know all the detail about the company will you invested. The ICO who have a good whitepaper and roadmap its not guarantee to become scam. So now its depend your intuition. And if you have much money I Recomend you to learn trading. So you can take a risk with yorself.

By all means you can listen to suggestions made by others, sometimes this is a way to find out about some coins that you not have already discovered, you should always look into the coin yourself and never just throw money at a coin blindly.

Honestly, it really boils down to due diligence. I do tons and tons of research before even committing.The benefit of those channels is quick feedback on what you're currently looking at.

Most of all, look at the whitepaper, market fit for the idea, team/founders, and proof of concept somehow. Nowadays it's really hard to be sold on an idea that will be finished development next year.

The recent token i'm went in on, I found out about it on facebook. I'm glad I learned about Cybermiles because I had been talking about a token like this for ages, but every one that came out just didn't have everything the ecommerce market needs. Telegram and facebook are great places to hear up and coming but you have to research yourself.

There is a lot of noise going around the internet, you gotta learn how to avoid it. Many ICOs are prioritizing marketing and shilling much more than actualy development on the product, and this is bound to come back and impact them negatively. Search for coins that its team isnt trying to pump itself the entire time (its hard to find one, but those are the ones truly worth it).

Well, the answer to your question is very simple. To truly make your own choice when trading you must learn to read charts to a T (perfectly) because you cannot be sure that any news sources or trading analysis will not have a bias or be incorrect. You must also find a way to receive news directly from the source (if it is a government action then read the government issued report- while this is obviously biased toward the government, this is the document which others will read also. If it is a statement by a person, then you must read the dialogue).

If you obtain all of your information these ways, then you will avoid all bias and make your decisions entirely for yourself. This is the PERFECT way to trade, but it is very difficult and requires much practice.

Good luck and stay safe! :P

As far as I know, Investing is a very risky process, If you really want to earn in investing, you really must take risks in order to earn.
About scammer, to determine them, you must research the company that you want to invest in, Note: if your planning to invest in some of the cloud mining, don't do this, almost 99% of them are scams.
If you are not satisfied with your own research regarding the company, you can post here so that you may learn more about the company that you want to invested in.

Investing is like gambling. the higher the risk the higher the rewards.

Hoe i make up my mind on what to invest in comes down to a few factors.

How i feels about the team and if i believe they can acheiev what they say they want to.
How i feel about the project. does it apeal to the masses? does it actually solve and issue?
Who or what are they going to compete with.

all in all i only invest what i can afford to loose. so i do take some rather huge risks here and there. some of those huge risk have paid out big and now i am only investing using profit from other investments.

First you should know if the developer is well known. If its not then maybe its a scam. Read some more information about it about and some plans for that kind of coin.

I think you have answered your own questions. You avoid people who are selling themselves in private messages by forcing people to invest in them which is a good decision. Good and legit projects that are worth investing don't do that.

To make a right choice you should think for yourself, your should make your own research, be familiar with coin technology, understand the market also and only after that make some decision. And still remember that is better to invest no more that you can loose.

I can suggest you to find area that are attractive for you, and search for the best ICO there, and invest in
Gaming, smart contracts, payment or rental area

First rule of the thump in crypto investment is not the follow the herd. If you know someone who is investing in lets say "x" coin and someone he knows is also buying that "x" coin, I would stay away from that coin. Invest in coins that are yet to be shilled!

Do some deep research on what you are going to do and how much you want to invest, then pick the coin which is in range of your investment and do some digging as well on market trends and news about that coins if reviews and news are positive then go for it.

Thanks you for this. I am also thinking in investing too. have  a great day!  ;)

Totally agree!
and how to recognized scam, I hope you know

Es a deep research will truly help for some to make a choice on investing but then always be careful even you make a research on it being scammed are always there is a possible chances but you dont have to be worry just do your best on it.

i agree some of those with already working product ico usually overvalue there token and the price will drop because its totally overvalue

If you will read just official news and analyze them, not to listen a thousands of people in every chat it tg, you will make your own choice.I started with it:) To choose really working and perspective project, spend whole evening, reading EVERYthing about it, cuz it`s your money and you want to invest them only in good project,so you have to know evberything about projects. Good luck:)

The people involve in project is one of the most important thing. I do my own research on it if distributors are well known in crypto, in some past project and what was the final effect. If all answers are "yes" then is a little bit probability to gain the goals by the project and I am in it ;) mostly

But if you believe on that sayings you have a possibility to gain a lot of loses.
It's better to have a low profit than you earn a lot of loses on your funds, however I agreed that investing is like a gambling.
You will never know if you become lucky or not, you just only invest with unpredictable results.

So I agree with you that on facebook and especially in the telegram there are a lot of scammers because of that now all projects have passed on telegram with slak.

maybe that should be considered also whether the project is easy to do or not many requirements in following the project also is it in getting the information of this project is easy or difficult?

Keep a close eye on your investment. Refer to some of this. The project has been active, team Dev (no scamer), the idea of ​​the project can come into reality, the project has marketing programs to promote the project. Make the right decision.

Man, there is a lot of ico right now but you must remember there is only best one ico. And that's open money if we are considering about so many reasons behind the project. Chinese project will always become a good thing right rather than other. Open money is one of them (neo and metaverse)

The first thing is you have to have confidence if you want to invest, you invest in bitcoin it also has risk because of uncertain price.
If for incoming messages in email or in other contacts you can ignore it.

You need to read and research from many different sources and learn how to filter the noise out of everything. Keep in mind that many people are backing their own horse in this race, so you gotta be extra careful with every little bit of information you come across.

Just do your research on the product and the team members. Read their whitepaper and check out team members on linked in. You should have a fair idea of the expertise and direction of the product.

You will also be able to know if the tokens are going to be valuable within the product and thus decide if you want to invest. All the best!

There are two things to look for before investing in a coin. First technical analysis of the chart is really very important. You need to understand those red and green candles and graphs and should know how to depict future rally. Secondly, you need to keep a watch on future events and updates related to that particular coin. I would say stay in top 100.

But even after these things what I have experienced so far is that cryptocurrency market has many young investors unlike stock or share market. Market is highly being run on emotions. This makes prediction about a coin more difficult. You need to be quick with your trade and never forget to use stoploss in crypto trading.

Investing should be based on your own tested parameters. What constitute a good investment in crypto currency?  First you need to know that all unconfirmed pre-mined is bad for your btc investment. Supply of any token or coin must be known and accounted for. As regards time , you spend as much time as required to get good project to invest in.

In putting investment of any ICO's project is too risky be carefull choose those trusted ICO's project, do some research in white paper and other member. Ask some prof to the inviter if they have. Then its your choice to invest if you fell it its profitable project, put some enough capital.

I am also like that, every day a lot of people pm me and ask silly questions. But I always take a few minutes to explain to them in the hope they will understand and start studying the market just like me. And there are a lot of people who give me an introduction about their projects and I will explore that project and answer them straight away.

When you look at the lifecycle of a startup the minimum viable product (mvp) is rarely the end product.  It is often used to show that the project is doable and that people are interested.  With the initial funding the product goes through a major overhaul to meet functional and non functional requirements.  Security and scaling issues must be dealt with and everything must be rigorously tested, user interfaces evolve, etc.  Look at something like Instagram - it looks almost totally different from their initial 'working product'.  

Succesful products also need marketing which requires a large amount of funding.  Great products, even working and refined ones, won't sell if people don't know about them and relying on word of mouth by itself can take a long time to generate results.  

Focus on doing your own research. Don't let anyone anyone influence your decisions. A lot of people will push ideas onto you and make you think they were your own. ALWAYS do your own research. The more you know the better chances you will make a good investment.

Own choice can be made after good thorough research.
The team of the project must consist of good developers, advisers who have good intentions and want to benefit the community. Reading the whitepaper and checking the roadmap to understand what plan the project is offering. And important factor is if the ICO has a product that is actually working or available.

Investing is always a risk, and the more the percentage yields, the greater the risk of losing your investment.
And you always need to invest from small sums, gradually increasing the experience.