The system has a similar operation to the blockchain, however, with the challenge of allocating more data [emails] the operation should not depend on miners or fees, only on the connection between the nodes, using the no account, just hash  The moment you consider using blockchain for projects like E-mail or social media is the moment they fall apart. I generally see two problems - First is the fact that decentralized blockchain is a public ledger and should be stored and verified by every peer. In a payment system like bitcoin it makes some sense to do it specially since there is incentive, however it makes no sense to store everyone else's emails in your node or even relay their emails to propagate it through the network! - Second is the way you would want to secure this chain. Any algorithm you use needs people to have an incentive to contribute to its securing, an E-mail service can not have incentive like a payment system (ie. pay to send email) or it becomes less attractive to use. As a bonus issue: it is going to be impossible to prevent spam. A P2P chat like messaging system is different though, it needs no "chain" and it is much easier to build and make decentralized. reliable email that can execute smart contracts.
Why would an email need to execute smart contracts? |
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I'd like to understand how exactly private keys are converted into pub keys and addresses
You want to understand how Point Multiplication in Elliptic Curve Cryptography works for the process of computing public keys from private keys. This link has some easy-to-understand content: https://blog.cloudflare.com/a-relatively-easy-to-understand-primer-on-elliptic-curve-cryptography/From public key to address, the links you shared are already explaining that. but for all elements (well, except testnet)
Considering keys and addresses, the only difference between MainNet and TestNet is the version byte in Base58 encoding of P2PKH and P2SH addresses and the human readable part of the Bech32 encoding of P2WPKH and P2WSH addresses. The rest are the same. |
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If you do a simple operation, and compare with other countries, China is by no means the leader in terms of government bond dumping.
China is literary the second biggest dumper after Japan dumping a massive $174.4 billion in a year as I pointed out above in details.  Tell me - what is the increase from 849.0 on 2023-02 to 868.9 on 2023-04 ?  In 2 months - a 10% increase in investment ...Or is that not it, it's about another ?! $19.9 billion in $849.0 billion is 2.34% increase not 10%! It is an interesting short term move though, specially since overall move is still dump down from $1033.8 billion. It could possibly be linked to the interest rate hike in the same period from 4.33% to 4.83% making this move profitable in short term. Which could also explain the stop and the small $400 million decrease on 2023-04. |
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A cold storage is just a signer and not much else, so the only thing it holds is your keys to sign a transaction you give it. The "consolidation" or generally speaking the handling of UTXOs and transactions should take place in another wallet that is online and does NOT have any private keys (only public keys/addresses) instead of your cold storage. If you try to go around this restriction (eg. manually importing UTXOs) your wallet could stop being "cold" (ie be considered compromised).
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I just have to get this off my chest: I absolutely hate Proof of Stake (POS) for Bitcoin.
There is no plans nor even any serious discussions on this topic since everyone knows PoS is garbage from the day it was introduced about a decade ago. And here's another thing: POW can be optimized! We can find ways to get rid of those pesky ASICs and make the mining process more inclusive and fair. We have the power to make it better, folks.
PoW is already optimized, and having ASICs isn't in contradiction to that. Besides there is nothing wrong with having to buy (read make a solid commitment) ASICs to be able to mine bitcoin. In fact that means you can't just flip a switch to start mining and turn it off any time you liked, in case you were mining with your CPU for example. This makes the hashrate more stable. I agree with your thoughts. POS isn't for Bitcoin even though the POS implementation in ETH works, I don't really know about any significant improvements for it.
The issue is not about something working, the problem is how it is working. A centralized shitcoin is also working but that doesn't mean creating a centralized shitcoin is the way to go. |
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There are a couple of reasons. For starters people are usually introduced to bitcoin first and then find out about altcoins, or even if it is the other way around (eg. finding out about shittokens like NFTs) they eventually realize that the only viable cryptocurrency that is actually offering utilities is bitcoin so they all eventually end up wanting to own bitcoin.
As people start accumulating bitcoin, some of them will start thinking about ways to increase their "wealth". That means investing the bitcoins they already have and one of the options is by entering the market to start trading bitcoin/fiat or bitcoin/altcoin pairs and to make profit.
This means each time bitcoin price is not making big moves these traders tend to move to altcoin market and trade them more. Which is why we see more pump and dumps in the altcoin market during stable periods (even short ones) and we see altcoins get dumped each time bitcoin starts making a big move up or down. This is because people dump their altcoins to rush back to the bitcoin market.
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Fortunately, you can see the dynamics of China's investment in US Treasury bonds on the US Treasury website.  That's some interesting data, thanks for the link. I ran some analysis on it and it shows what we've been saying over the past year. A lot of countries have been abandoning US slowly but surely, some of which are in the Eastern bloc. Amount-wise we have a total of $253 billion dollar dumped over the specified year (Jan 2022 to Jan 2023) with Japan ($195.5 billion) and China ($174.4 billion) on top as the "biggest dumpers". Percentage-wise we have Sweden on top with 28% dump which is $15 billion. The more interesting one is the terrorist organization known as Israel that has dumped 28% of its securities and bonds worth $17.7 billion. After that we have France (21%-$49 billion), Ireland (18%-$55.2 billion), China (17%-$174.4 billion), Thailand (15%-$9.3 billion), Korea (15%-$18 billion), Japan (15%-$195.5 billion), Vietnam (14%-$6 billion), Kuwait (14%-$7.3 billion) as the "top dumpers". There are of course some interesting names in the list that have been trying to "pump" money into the failing US economy and some of them are the usual suspects such as UAE that has increased its holdings by $20 billion (45%). Interestingly enough Saudi Arabia (the 51st state) that has actually dumped 7% of its holdings equal to $8.4 billion. The biggest "pumper" position goes to Belgium with $88.1 billion bought securities and bonds (36% increase). I have to dig deeper for more reliable information but with some quick search Belgium as one of the handful of European countries with LNG terminals have increased its Russian LNG imports by a lot (nearly double). It looks like they were "taxed" by US for the increased income #cashcow |
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they could have just announced to the whole world that they've banned crypto instead of making life difficult for crypto enthusiasts by introducing unfriendly rules and preventing businesses around it by blocking exchanges and other business initiatives with sanctions.
They want control and adoption preventive measures without bringing down the ban hammer. The more people flee their grip by dumping centralized fiat and buy bitcoin, the more they are going to push back and add more restrictions. Specially with the worsening economy, the fear will continue to grow about more people finding the "exit" called bitcoin... |
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It is rather easy to modify the iancoleman.html script for ...
It sounds easy on paper but to truly implement the same algorithm takes a lot more than changing two lines of code. Specifically speaking the normalization method that Electrum uses for both mnemonic and the extra word (AKA passphrase) is very specific and slightly complicated to duplicate. As we can clearly see in this copy you shared the code for normalization is not implemented at all. If we test the html result it also doesn't support other languages and it also doesn't normalize the passphrase correctly. Test vectors can be found here |
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Why is it popular?
Just wanna add to all reputable responses. BIP 39 mnemonic phrase relies upon build-in checksum data which reduces the risk of accidental typos. I don't say that it is the main root of its wide adoption but probably one of them.Nah, the only reason for BIP39 adoption is lack of alternative or better say a "better" alternative. There are two other options and they are, lets say, "challenging to adopt". - There is what Electrum uses but there is no documentation of the algorithm, you'd have to read the code in python and understand what it does which is not suitable for someone who wants to implement it for another wallet specially if the program language is different. There is also certain features of the algorithm (like being loose about the word list used) which is not something all developers agree is a good idea. - There is also Aezeed which is pretty new and the algorithm makes implementing it is very complicated because it depends on an cryptography algorithm that is not common at all called AEZ. That means the developer is not being able to find a library/package for it to use in their project like they'd find for something like SHA256. There's is pretty much only the official C implementation on their website which they'd have to write a wrapper around for any other language which is a pain in the butt. It's also an overkill since a mnemonic's strength is in the entropy it uses not the key derivation algorithm under the hood. |
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It always comes down to the purpose of the project. Bitcoin's purpose was financial sovereignty whereas ethereum's purpose has always been to create a platform where people can make money out of thin air by scamming others.
This is why you can't pull the same thing in bitcoin while you can easily do it in ethereum. Nobody cares about ethereum being a scam itself or being very centralized or raising the stake threshold 64 times as long as everyone has the "potential to make profit", some more than others like the creators holding the ginormous premine. They just keep changing the name of the "dog poop in pretty bags" (ICO, IDO, IBO, IEO, ITO, STO, DeFi, NFT) every now and then and keep selling it to brainless newbies, making a lot of money in the process.
So why shouldn't the creators of this scam platform get a piece of the pie? To be honest I wouldn't even be surprised if some day they added a new rule where every token sale or even every transaction on ethereum platform had to pay them some money in addition to the network fees!
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Referring to real services that serve bitcoin and earns bitcoin like Mixers for example
Some services in descending order of profit they make (my own speculation): - Centralized exchanges like Coinbase, Gemeni, Bittrex, etc.
- Mining hardware manufacturers like Bitmain
- Payment processors like Coinbase and Bitpay
- Gambling sites like Primedice
- Semi-decentralized DEX where they run a server and get paid in trading fees like Bisq
- Semi-decentralized CoinJoin services like the honeypot called Wasabi
- Wallet developers like Electrum running a side-service (TrustedCoin) for their users
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Rulers of any country with half a brain are buying gold (among other things) these days to reduce their dependence on fiat and more specifically on US dollar that keeps being dumped and printed at the same time. With dedollarisation, countries have to have a replacement otherwise they wake up one day and see all their reserve currency is turned into garbage.
What's even more interesting is that majority of these purchases are not being reported on in the mainstream media. As if they want to keep it under the radar in order to not let the price shoot up while they accumulate...
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If bloomberg is to be believed, that still doesn't change anything about the main subject here which is "dedollarisation". There may be some conflicts of interests between countries about what currency to use but they still are not going back to dollar. As the article also claims that the Indian refineries are using Yuan and Derham (not dollar) to purchase Russian oil. |
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والا توی جمله اول گفتم نظر خودمه (نظر شخصیه) دوست عزیز
البته یکم هم جستجو کردم در مورد اینترنت و فیلترینگ در چین و ظاهرا یک سری از تجهیزات فیلترینگ رو ایران از چین میگیره
پس احتمال داره در آینده فیلترینگ شبیه به مال چینی ها داشته باشیم
منم دنبال همین منبع این خبر بودم. تو اینترنت گشتم ولی منبع قابل اطمینانی پیدا نکردم که این ادعا رو ثابت کنه. اکثرا رسانههای زرد کپی کارن که وقتی سر نخ رو میگیری میکشی میرسی به یک رسانه لندن نشین در ده بیست سال اخیر هم دارن همین یک دونه خبر رو تکرار میکنن. یک روز قراره اینترنت قطع بشه که بشیم کره شمالی، یک روز قراره قطع بشه بشیم چین. همیشه هم یک منبع مطمئن دارن که اسمشو نمیگن. بخصوص وقتی که چنین خبری رو همشون گره میزنن به بزرگترین خبر اقتصادی امنیتی 150 سال اخیر ایران یعنی پیوستن به پیمان شانگهای یا وقتی گره میزنن به یکی دیگه از پیمانهای بزرگ اقتصادی مثل قرارداد 25 ساله با چین، صحت کل مقاله و قصد نویسنده زیر سوال میره به هر حال من نمیدونم چی قراره بشه ولی چند نکته رو بد نیست بررسی کنیم. ایران از نظر توان سایبری اینقدر پیشرفته هست که نیاز به خرید از چین نداشته باشه! از زد و خوردهای سایبری چند دهه پیش بین ایران و ابرقدرتها میشه این رو فهمید. از حمله متقابل به زیرساختهای آمریکا بگیر تا مثلا شخم زدن زیرساختهای سایبری آلبانی در جواب حمله به (اگه اشتباه نکنم) سیستم کارت هوشمند سوخت که کل کشور آلبانی رو چند روز فلج کرد. نکته مهم دیگه اینکه رویکردها به مسئله اینترنت در دو کشور ایران و چین از زمین تا آسمون متفاوته برای همین سیستمها اصلا قابل انتقال نیستن. تو چین مدل استبدادی از بیخ قطع کننده است که هیچ کاری نتونی بکنی. تو ایران مدل دموکراسی غربیه یعنی تا وقتی کامل بتونن تحت نظر بگیرن میتونی دسترسی داشته باشی. این یعنی وقتی مثلا در آمریکا به تیکتاک دسترسی کامل ندارن محدود میشه ولی چون فیسبوک و اینستاگرام و غیره تحت کنترل صددرصدی با اشراف کامل حتی روی خصوصیها در دست دولت (بهتره بگم نیروهای مسلح آمریکا) است اجازه استفاده دادن. ما هم همیشه به همون سمت رفتیم یعنی دولت دنبال سطحی از کنترله یعنی چیزی بین اشراف صددرصدی آمریکا و مثلا ترکیه در زلزله امسال یا فرانسه در اغتشاشات پنج روز اخیر که هر دو به توییتر و اینستاگرام و غیره دستور دادن محدود کنن و تمام محتواهایی که دولت دوست نداره رو حذف کنن و اونها هم اطاعت کردن. بحث ویپیان هم همینطوره. من دولتی و طبقاتی که میگید نمیدونم چیه ولی اینی که الان درحال فروشه یجورایی دولتیه و کپی برداری شده از مدل غربیه. یعنی چیزی که تو غرب به عنوان "هانی پات" ازش یاد میکنن یعنی هر سرویسی که از هر شرکتی در کشورهای موسوم به پنج چشم بخری و کاملا تحت رصد خواهی بود! مدل ایرانیش میشه همین سرویسهایی که در حال فروش ویپی ان با وجود اینکه جرم انگاری شده با درگاه بانکی و رسمی هستند اونم با قیمت مفت مثلا سرویس یک میلیون تومنی رو میده پنجاه هزار. |
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With the exception of all the var_int types, are all of the multi-byte structures in the raw transactions in big endian?
Version, outpoint index, input sequence, output amount and locktime are all in little endian. R and S values in signature, public key (integer value) are in big endian. Any integer inside the scripts (used in something like OP_ADD) are interpreted as little endian. Variable length integers indicating the length of the scripts, input/output/witness_item count and witness_item length are all using a special compact encoding with the integer encoded in little endian. Variable length integers inside scripts used to push something to the stack are using a different special compact encoding but also using the little endian system. 4 byte representation of one: 0x01000000 <-- little endian 0x00000001 <-- big endian |
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First of all the term "pump" is usually used in a duo with "dump" and it is when the price is artificially increased and is expected to be followed by a drop of equal or bigger size.
Secondly this is not a big rise. This was actually pretty small going back to above $30k and if you zoom out a little you can see that we have been seeing a pattern of ups and downs that are inside a fixed range between $25k and $30k ever since March (about 3 or 4 months).
In other words this recent small rise doesn't really need a major news. However if price broke out of $35k resistance, that would be a different story.
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I read BIPs 141 and 144 but there is one confusion that still bothers me: Are these diagrams as depicted on the Bitcoin Wiki entry equivalent to the raw (segwit or non-segwit) transaction serialized format?   Those are two very hard to understand pictures if you ask me. Maybe I'm looking at the picture out of context but for example why is there the word "witness" in parenthesis in first picture (P2PKH), there is no witness in P2PKH scripts and even with witness putting it in parenthesis in front of "scriptsig" is just misleading in my opinion. There is also the "count" boxes which are wrong. The one before scriptsig and 2 scriptpubkeys in first picture are not count they are of the same integer encoding scheme (variable length integer) but they show the "length" of the script not the count. The other two counts before outpoint and first amount are correct and they show the count of inputs and outputs and are of the same type (var. int). Same with the second picture but with the addition of another "count" behind "sequence" which is wrong and misleading. It is not count, it is another length and it is zero (since the P2WPKH scriptsig is empty). Same with 3 blue counts. The first one is the actual count (2 witness items in this case) the next two "counts" are the length of the data that exists on the stack (eg. 72 bytes signature and 33 byte public key). Should be something like this:  |
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بزارید من نظرم رو بگم. ببینید تا چند وقت پیش فیلترینگ بر حسب بلک لیست بود. یعنی یک لیست سیاه وجود داشت و هر سایتی که جز این سایتها نبود فیلتر نبود.
فرضا چهار میلیارد تا آیپی موجود هست و ۵۰۰ هزار تاش بعنوان آیپی (سایت) غیر مجاز شناسایی شده. یعنی هنوز ۳میلیون و ۵۰۰هزار تا آیپی بدون مشکل هستن
ولی توی این مدت اخیر فیلترینگ بر اساس وایت لیست شد یعنی فرضا ۵۰۰هزار تا آیپی بعنوان وایت لیست شناسایی شده و فقط ارتباط به همونا مقدوره.
این اطلاعات بر اساس برداشت شخصیتون هست یا منبعی هم داره؟
ولی به اشتباه مسدود میشه حالا به خاطر نقص در سیستم فیلترینگ یا هر چیزی. اگر فیلترینگ به دلیل اشتباه باشه که باید رفعش راحت باشه. البته الان نمیدونم کجا باید اعتراض کنیم ولی چند سال پیش که اون صفحه پیوندهای کذایی رو نشون میداد یک لینک برای اعتراض داشت. همین فروم توی اون دوران فیلتر شد و من همون فرم رو پر کردم و یک روز نکشید که رفع شد.
در ضمن فراموش نکنیم که الان استخراج بیتکوین در ایران به صورت قانونی و با لایسنس در حال انجامه. برای ادامه اون نیاز هست که بتونن به شبکه بیت کوین متصل بشن، چه ماینرهای تنها با مزرعههاشون چه برای اتصال به "استخرهای" خارجی. دلیل اصلی من هم که گفتم احتمالش خیلی کمه همین بود.
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It's like Brian Armstrong and Coinbase. Doesn't Coinbase employ the services of a blockchain analytics company to filter which UTXOs are allowed to enter the exchange? I don't see anyone persecuting Brian Armstrong, who, truly deserves it more for being one of the signatories who supported the New York Agreement.
If the response is "Coinbase a centralized service, it's in their right to block what goes in the exchange". Wasabi's coordinator is centralized too, and like Coinbase, we can warn users about the pros and cons, but we can't have an attitude like what the social justice warriors do today.
You are still not understanding the clear distinction between being an honest centralized service and a dishonest one. Someone who uses Coinbase knows well that they have zero control since they don't even have access to their own keys. Not to mention the KYC they enforce. They are not advertised as KYC-less custodial wallet, they are advertised and known as a centralized KYC-enforcing privacy invading necessary evil. This is both honest and OK. You can't say the same thing about Wasabi. This tool is being advertised as and is known as a tool to improve your privacy. Which is clearly not true since the company is working with the blockchain analysis organizations that nullify any privacy users of this wallet had. In other words Wasabi is a honeypot which is worse. |
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