Both the block rewards and the transaction fees are independent entities, before the total 21M bitcoins are mined, blocks without transaction fees can happen, after the 21M production is over, blocks without block rewards can happen.


The miner receives a block reward (6.25 as of now but cuts in half every 4 years or so) regardless of the existence of transactions.



All the rewards (transaction fees + block reward) will go to the address that is in the coinbase transaction, this is all that the blockchain understands, as far as "group mining" it's called pool mining, miners get paid based on the amount of work they put, the number of trials (hashes) submitted by every miner determines their share of the total reward ( different pools pay in a different format, read about PPS vs PPLNS)


Only some (very a few if any) decentralized exchanges work on the bases of smart contracts (yes possible on BTC too) where the buying and selling do happen on the main chain, but that is a tiny bit of volume which could be ignored, so safe to say that the majority of volume happens outside of the main blockchain, if you buy BTC from an exchange you get your own BTC address but not your own wallet, just like your bank account number, it's unique just for you, but the money in it is essentially owned by the bank.

So in reality all of the exchange happens only on the database of the exchange, just like how things go when you transfer money from your bank account to your wife, the bank simply changes the balance sheet without moving anything.  



It's the name of the "packages" owned by x address, if you have two of 10$ bills your balance is $20 and you have 2 UTXO each is $10


In bitcoin, you can't send a portion of the UTXO, so if you have 1 UTXO of  1 bitcoin and you want to send 0.3 to your friend, you will need to send 0.3 to him and 0.7 to yourself (your own address), your own address can be the same one you sent from or a new one, there are no rules in the blockchain that state you must use a new address, but wallets do create a new address for you to receive the change of 0.7BTC just for privacy reasons, as well as more security, this is a long story but you should understand that BTC address isn't exactly a public key, but once you spend from it, the public key becomes available and thus it makes it slightly easier to know your private key, by slightly easier I mean instead of it being "very, very, very, very difficult" it becomes "very, very, very difficult", notice the 1 missing "very" from the second one, I had to make it clear enough that even after revealig your public key it isn't by anymeans easy to guess your private key, but once and if quantum computers become a thing, then re-using the same address will be a stupid idea, because "Elliptic curve cryptography is vulnerable to quantum"






All that matters is the size of the transaction, transactions with more UTXOs will have a larger size, also the address you send from whether it's a legacy or Segwit address makes a lot of difference, your wallet software will calculate the size in bytes and x that by the number of satoshis that everyone is currently playing, so if your transaction is 100 bytes in size, and you pay 1 satoshi you pay 100 satoshis, but every wallet calculates the "best" fees differently depending on their code and how it analyzes the mempool and current situation.

You should also know that a transaction with 100BTC may still pay less than that with 0.1BTC, it all depends on the total size of the transation and how much people are willing to pay, the miners will pick the once that pay the most per byte.


I believe there are some rounding rules that will handle this, I will dig into this and get back to you.

My theory behind that maximum hashrate increment being 2x at most is that the fact that it gets harder to double the hashrate the larger it gets, if the whole network has 10 asic miners you just need 10 more miners to double it, if it has a million miners you will need a million miner.

The current hash rate is 130EH, every 1EH is about 10,000 of the 19 series (we say 100th is the average of T19,S19 and S19 pro) so to get 130EH we need 130*10,000 = 1,300,000 S19 series mining gear, now we will just assume that all the mining manufacturers will join forces to make that 1.3M gears, is that even remotely possible? I highly doubt it, current order list from Bitmain isn't even at 100k S19 miners and they are sold out until August, the best deal Riot managed to get is 1000 miners monthly, and Riot is one of the largest clients bitmain has, so even if Bitmain was to facilitate the same amount of order for 9 other clients, we assume their maximum capacity is 10,000 S19 miner per month, way too much for Bitmain to make over a million mining gear.

Keep in mind that it isn't only Bitmain's limitations, it's also semiconductors shortage that can't keep up with this demand, you have an increasing demand from other components that need those semiconductors which is outside of the mining world, and semiconductor makers like Samsung and TSMC won't be willing to lose their regular clients knowing very well that this mining thing is just a temporary business before the next halving or two make it hardly profitable.

With that being said, mining gears manufacturer could turn back to 12 or 16nm chips since those will be profitable too, so that will help the hashrate increase, but with all of these factors combined, it's very difficult to make 130EH worth of mining gears in 12 months.

Again, all of this is based on the assumption that Bitcoin's price keeps going up non-stop, and that is a theory that is subject to failure.

For bitcoin to be worth a 100k it just needs an extra 1.5 trillion of investment, that is about 20% of the market cap of gold, in other words, it's easily doable, but for difficulty to go 4x the world needs to find a brand new way of making asic chips, it doesn't seem like mining manufacturers can make 100EH worth of gear in a single year, let alone 300EH, I believe that in 2021 we will have a maximum of 260EH which is double the current hashrate, regardless of how high the price goes.

For the sake of simplicity, we will assume that you are not cherry-picking blocks that suit your theory, and let's just assume by mining empty blocks you save 150ms (75% of the whole process you mentioned).

Now since this happens almost every 10 mins, then that is A LOT of money to be made by mining empty blocks, and here is how.

There is 86400000ms in a day, and 144 blocks to be mined, so by utilizing 100ms every 10 mins you get a total of 14400ms which is 0.0167% of the total 24 hours, in other words, Kano pool wastes 0.0167% of it's hashrate by not mining empty blocks.

When a pool like F2pool saves 150ms for every potential block, that's 552510 terahash worth of mining, if that's hard to understand think of it this way.

When F2pool knows about a new block coming, and while going through that 150ms process they switch their hashrate to another PPS pool and say that is Viabtc, by the end of the day they would get paid $1500 from mining for 150ms every 10 mins or a total of 21.1 seconds a day with 22,100,420.00th worth of hash power, but instead of doing this, they would just mine to their own pool and still by the end of the day/week/month/year, they will theoretically make that same amount of money.

And it gets even better when you don't have to download the block in the first place when your pool is synced with the other pools via any other protocol and all you need is their hash (not even the block header) then that makes it well above 200ms, but even with these numbers F2pool can potentially make over half a million dollar in profit yearly, or otherwise, lose it if they use your code and not mine empty blocks.

Edit:

Not saying it's a good thing to do so, nor do I encourage it, just trying to show you that no pool mines empty blocks for the sake of it, doing so means leaving money on the table (transaction fees), but fully making use of every second makes them a good amount of profit, and since all of these pools are motivated by profit only, then it makes sense why would they do so.

Are you questioning Whatsminer's integrity in general or just the website? Whatsminer is one of MicroBT distributors and their official website is whatsminer.net, my experience with MicroBT mining gears has been so great as far as quality is concerned but I have yet to order directly from their website, I remember they had some issues sticking to the delivery dates but no major issues were reported as far as I can see.

This is irrelevant for the topic that we are discussing here, my grandmother knows that the chances of the mempool being empty at any given time are slim to nothing, what we need to know is how long does it take you to download a full block, verify all of its transactions, remove the current transactions from your mempool, and create a new blocktemplate.

Where is Chain [2]? it seems that chain 2 is missing, and based on my experience with these lousy S9ks is that if there is one bad hashboard it will stop the whole miner from mining most of the time, so can you try to unplug chain 2 and try again? make sure you unplug the 6pin PSU cables and just the ribbon cable that goes to the control board.

النقاش سيكون مبني اولا على تعريف اللامركزية اصلا, حتى هده اللحظة لم يتفق البشر على تعريف الامركزية اصلا, وان كانت هده المنصة لامركزية فماذا نسمي uniswap ؟ من وجهة نظري ان المنصة اللامركزية يجب ان لاتخضع لقوانين اي دولة اي انها يجب ان لاتكون مسجلة كعلامة تجارية من الاساس, يعني مثل البتكوين, هل يمكن لاي دولة ان تدخل على "سيرفر" البتكوين وتقوم بحظر IP معين؟ بالطبع يمكنها ان تسن قوانين او تقوم بحظر المواقع المتعلقة بالبتكوين ولكن لايمكنها تطبيق الحظر من الجهة الاخرى. يعني مثلا

User > Bitcoin ( Decentralized)
User > Government  > bitcoin (Decentralized)
Bitcoin > Government > user (Centralized)

قد يبدو ان الامر هوا نفسه ولكنه مختلف جدا, يوجد فرق شاسع بين السيطرة الموجودة في طريق المسختدم للمنصة  وبينا السيطرة على المنصة نفسها, بما ان المنصة مجبرة على حظر دول معينة يعني انها مجبرة على تقديم تقارير التداول داخل المنصة, ويمكن جدا ان تقوم بحجز اموال المتداولين وطلب KYC في المستقبل, المنصة اللامركزية من وجهة نظري هي تلك التي لايكون لها كيان معروف, بل هي عبارة عن code يربط محافظ المتداولين في صورة عقود ذكية تتواجد كلها في حوض للسيولة او مايعرف ب Liquidity pool يعني مثلا طريقة عمل ال full node كل المستخدمين لديهم نفس الكود ولكن لايوجد سيرفر خاص بهدا الكود ولا تسطتيع اي دولة التحكم في الكود.

هدا معياري البسيط للمركزية فيما يخص المنصات, طبعا هده مجرد وجهة نظر لايجب ان تكون صحيحة.

سيكون عليك تحميل برنامج تعدين لتتمكن من تعدين اي عملة, ولكن الاهم من هدا ان مواصفات السيرفر هدا لا يمكنك ان تعدن بها اصلا, التعدين بالمعالج او ال CPU اصبح من الماضي, التعدين الان يتم عبر كروت الشاشة او اجهزة اسك, ولا اعتقد ان ال VPS سيكون به Graphic card يمكنك استعماله لتعدين العملة اصلا.

وايضا بعض مزودي خدمات ال VPS يمنع استعمال موارده للتعدين وقد يعرض حسابك للاغلاق.

Most custom firmware is dedicated to those gears that are widely used, so for the S9 hydro, I don't think many people have that and that explains why most custom fm devs didn't bother to make a custom firmware for it.

I suppose you can use Vnish firmware for the Dual S9 which is basically just the normal S9 firmware but would accept 6 hash boards IIRC, so if thierry4wd can't help you with the S9 hydro you could try Vnisha (Asic.to / AwesomeMiner) you can also reach out to taserz aka asic.to and ask him about it.

لقد قمت بالمحاولة مجددا وتحصلت على نفس الخطاء, تأكدت ايضا ان الحظر ليس على السيرفر المضيف يعني الحظر مباشرة من المنصة نفسها, مما يعني ان هده المنصة تخضع لقوانين مالية معينة تخص الولايات المتحدة التي تضع بلدي في قائمة العقوبات بالنسبة للامور الاقتصادية, وكل هدا يشير الى ان المنصة لا تمث باي صلة لكونها منصة لامركزية.

مع العلم انه من الممكن ان يتم حظرك من الوصول لمنصة لامركزية في حال ان مقدم الخدمة او السيرفر موجود في امريكيا وكانت هناك عقوبات تشمل الانترنت حيث ان Ip addresses معينة خاصة ببلدك تكون محظورة وهدا امر طبيعي, اما هده المنصة فهي تقوم بالحظر مباشرة.

بكل تأكيد يوجد طريقة وهي ممكنة بتدخل Admin المنتدى فقط, يمكنه الغاء تلك النقاط او اعادتها لمن ارسلها او تحويلها لمصادر نقاط الجدارة ولكن انا متأكد بنسبة 100% ان هدا لن يحدث فالادمن يتجنب التدخل المباشر في سير العمليات داخل المنتدى بشكل كبير فهو يريد من الاعضاء ان يتصرفو بما هوا متاح له, والدليل على هدا انه عندما اصتدم مع احد الاعضاء بخصوص نظام الثقة لم يقم بحضره وقام بارسال رسائل لاعضاء الثقة الافتراضية يطلب منا ان نقوم بالتصويت ضد ذلك العضو, يعني انه استخدم نظام الرسائل المتاح للجميع بالرغم من انه يمكن ان يزيل  ذلك العضو من الثقة الافتراضية او من المنتدى للابد بنقرة زر واحدة.

What has changed? strange enough, I wanted to try if I could pay with BTC so I created a dummy order, and to my surprise, I get an error message that says:


Seems like they blocked my account or something, since it's unlikely that I will ever buy from them again, it doesn't really matter.

Sorry I couldn't confirm the payment methods because that error shows up before the payment page.

هده المنصة من المفترض ان تكون منصة لامركزية غير خاضعة لاي قوانين, هل هدا صحيح؟

طبعا يبدو ان الوضع مخالف تماما لانني عندا قيامي بالدخول على هده المنصة يتم اتستقبالي ب


على عكس Uniswap وغيرها من المنصات الامركزية, لا اريد ان اتحيز لكن لا ارى اي مستقبل لهده المنصة بناء على المعطيات التي امامي.

I'd say the majority of miners who matter don't really care about any of that, so New Year or not, they couldn't be bothered, however, I do agree that we are likely going have another good epoch simply because not much gears are getting delivered in the coming a few days.


They start shipping in January, all the way to July, the 8000 mining gear order from Riot will be done in April, with 2k miners every month.


Couldn't agree more  .

With that being said, it's probably the last few weeks of happy mining, the past couple of weeks have been so kind to us miners, I'd guess nobody expected the profitability in fiat would be this much.

لهدا السبب قمت بسؤالكم ان كنتم توقفتم عن المحاولة ام لا, فانا الان لايمكنني ان اعرف هل الصعوبة ب 0000 تعتبر فعلا "صعبة" وتحتاج الى التسهيل ام انه لم يتم اجاد الهاش فقط لانكم اوقفتم التعدين, طبعا في العالم الحقيقي للتعدين البلوك تشين للا يهمه كل هدا فحتى لو توقف المعدنين لمدة يوم كامل وعادو بعدها ليجدو الهاش خلال دقيقة واحدة من بداية المحاولة سوف يتم احتساب زمن البلوك يوم + دقيقة, اما فيما يخص المسابقة فالامر اكثر تعقيدا.

ولكن بما انك سئلت فاليك الاجابة, احتماليات ال hashing تنطوي تحت Geometric distribution اعتقد انه يعرف ب" التوزيع الهندسي" يمكن القراءة عنه اكثر هنا https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_distribution

اما بالملخص المفيد, فأنه نظرا لانن الهاش يتعامل ب hexdecimal فان اجمالي الخيارات لكل خانة هي 1 من 16 ( 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) يعني انه لتحصل على هاش يبدا بصفر واحدة فتحتاج في المتوسط 16 محاولة وفرصت كل محاولة هي 1\16.

لتجد هاش يبدا ب 00 يعني انك تحتاج لي 16*16 = 256 محاولة
لتجد هاش يبدا ب 000 تحتاج الى 16*16*16 = 4,096
لتجد هاش يبدا بي 0000 تختاح الى 16*16*16*16 = 65,536 محاولة

طبعا هدا بافتراض ان الحظ تم استبعداه, يعني ممكن تجدها في 10 محاولات وممكن مليار محاولة ولاتجد شي.
 

Everyone prefers bulk sales, no?

Riot Blockchain alone has 8000 S19pro in orders which bitmain has to deliver by April of 2021, they agreed on 2000 miner monthly, and the whole world seems to be facing chips shorage, so even if Bimain worked twice as hard, I don't think they will be able to manufacture any more gears that what they already need to send out, so after all, maybe paying for a gear that is planned to be delivered 8 months laters isn't going to be a terrible idea when it's already August 2021 and we are looking back into the past, with that being said, I will NEVER order a gear with that amount of time I have to wait.

It's chain 1, aka the middle chain that is throwing the over temp error, it's usual for the middle board to run slightly warmer, but not as hot as it does in your miner, I also noticed that the variance in temperature based on the sensor location is HUGE, even on the other two chains, your temps are all over the place.

Hot, Cold, Hot, Cold, and the fans are spinning at over 6000rpm which is just about that maximum, I believe that something is blocking the overflow of the bottom part of the miner, the 4 sensors are located near the 4 corners, so you have 2 on the upper side and 2 on the lower side, and since ALL of the 12 sensors show the same readings, it looks like something is keeping the air follow too low on one of the sides.

هل لازال الجميع يحاول حل هدا الهاش بصعوبة 0000 ؟



ارجو منك ابلاغي لكي نعيد تقيم الموقف فأنا للاسف لااعرف ان كان احد يحاول ايجاد هدا البلوك ام ان الجميع قد استتسلمو.

At that power rate, I would just forget about mining altogether.


MicroBt and Avalon gears are much more robust, also the 19 series (S19 and S19 pro) are of much better quality, basically, any gear you find will be better than those 17 series and the S9k, you can't buy a worse set of gears even if you intend to.