I've never properly used Linux before, let alone an ssh console server. I have no idea what to do, really.
You may want to consider: A Windows VPS; managed servers instead of DIY; or whether you're in over your head and should stop before you lose money. If you're still here and you want to learn, I'm happy to help.
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I've tried googling for an hour now, and I did some stuff like compiling bitcoind (at least I think I did, I have a /home/bitcoin/ folder now..) but I don't even know if it's working. How do I install bitcoind, or any program really?
Most software can be installed without compiling. The distribution you choose will come with a whole bunch of software already prebuilt. For Ubuntu and other Debian-type systems, do "apt-get update", then "apt-get install aptitude", then "aptitude search <partial name of thing you want>", then "aptitude install <name of thing you want>". All those commands should be run as root.
For bitcoind, you don't need to build it yourself. Just get a precompiled one like this (As a non-root user):
wget '
http://iweb.dl.sourceforge.net/project/bitcoin/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.5.2/bitcoin-0.5.2-linux.tar.gz'
tar -xf bitcoin-0.5.2-linux.tar.gz
cd bitcoin-0.5.2-linux/bin/32
./bitcoind -daemon
A tar file is like a zip file, except it also stores unix-type permissions and ownership. In this case it stored the fact that bitcoind is set executable. You can see the permissions with 'ls -l'. Permissions are the column on the left with -rwxr-xr-x which means read/write/executable for owner/group/everybody. Read 'man chmod' if you'd like to know more about how that works.
bitcoind will bitch that you need to set an rpcpassword. To edit the config file:
nano ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf
Or just right-click, Edit in WinSCP.
How do I move files to the server?
http://winscp.net/How do I start programs?
If they're in your path ("echo $PATH"), just type their name (like tar and wget above). If they're not in your path, type the path to them and then their name - for instance "./bitcoind" above which means to run bitcoind in the current directory.
Most services have startup scripts to do extra stuff when they're started. Take a look at "ls /etc/init.d" to see a list of those. For instance, "/etc/init.d/apache2 start" to start the Apache web server after installing it with "apt-get install apache2", or "/etc/init.d/apache2 stop" to shut it down.
How do I see what programs are running and how do I interact with them?
"top" to see a list similar to Task Manager
"ps axf" to see a tree of everything running
"ps axf | less" because it may be too long to fit on one screen
"killall bitcoind" to shut it down by asking nicely
"killall -KILL bitcoind" to force-shutdown
"kill <bitcoin's PID number>" (get the PID from the left column in the ps command) if you have multiple bitcoinds and you just want to kill one
"./bitcoind help" to get a list of RPC commands for bitcoind
"./bitcoind getinfo" as an example RPC command to bitcoind
Ask for anything else you need to do.
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