You mean the Système International system?

The volume is in satoshis, though I'm not sure what happened to the price. 13 billion dollars per satoshi? For bonus fun, check out the volume in currency: it's in the quintillions of dollars! At least Mt. Gox no longer has the greatest market share.

Liberty, broadly speaking, is the freedom to do as one pleases so long as one doesn't violate anyone else's right to do likewise.

Liberacy, as I understand it (which is not very well, as the term is so infrequently used as to not have a clear definition), is a system of government more commonly known as a night-watchman state, in which the government's sole function is to provide police and military protection and arbitrate disputes.

Don't worry, it'll happen again eventually. Or do worry, if you think having your IP address associated with that transaction instead of one the thousands of other Bitcoin users is "unlucky" rather than "lucky". In that case, run Bitcoin over Tor, and then it won't happen again.

The latter. Sorry.

BTC25 every 10 minutes. Much faster rates are possible temporarily, but the mining difficulty adjusts periodically to ensure this rate is maintained, on average. Of course, your characters won't achieve anywhere near this, unless your story is about your characters being accused of totally breaking Bitcoin's security and completely destroying the Bitcoin economy overnight, because such a thing happening by chance stretches credulity beyond the extent of the visible universe. "Merely" mining several times what their hardware would normally be capable of is more plausible (especially since it actually happens from time to time).

Everybody running the Bitcoin software relays everybody's transactions to and from everybody else. What, you thought "peer-to-peer" was just some kind of marketing hype?

You're thinking of the shutdown. The debt ceiling will be hit in mid-October, the government will run out of cash a week or two later, but won't technically default until the 31st of October, because that's when the interest on the Treasury bonds is due (some say the government will manage to scrape together enough cash to make the payment and then default on the next interest payment on the 15th of November, but that would require an uncharacteristic degree of competence on the government's part). If the government hasn't raised the debt ceiling by then, reality will ensue.

Alright, it seems your loophole is narrow, but acceptable. Probably.

$750

If you have to ask, the answer is no.

Well, there's your answer. Obviously, if the pricks weren't fucking, the cunts would be smaller.

It doesn't make you chose between national and international authority. "Military action that defies international law" is a subset of military action in general, so if you feel military action is never justified under any circumstances, then you answer "Strongly Disagree". It's not a hard question.

No, it couldn't. HTTP 200 means "Your request is valid and I was able to process it correctly, so here's the data you asked for." HTTP 500 is the correct response when the server is unable to carry out your request. What do you expect it to do? Fail to carry out the request and then not give an error?

This scheme can easily be shown to be bogus just by calculating how much entropy each step adds to the "key":

Zero. x can be trivially derived by subtracting 5 mod 10 from the first digit of the obfuscated private key (since the first digit of the private key is known to be 5).

Although it may appear at first glance that all values of x from 0 to 52 are equally likely, we know that only transpositions that put a number at the start are valid, and on average, there will be 9 possibilities.
log2(9)

We only need to guess the first letter, since we know what the last letter is - it's the one with the symbol after it.
log2(52)

log2(10)

log2(3)

Which gives us a grand total of log2(9) + log2(52) + log2(10) + log2(3) = 13.8 bits of entropy. Which is less than a password consisting of 3 lowercase letters. It can be bruteforced with a pencil and paper in only a few days!

Please leave designing cryptosystems to the experts, okay?

EDIT: Typo

No he won't. He'll say he represents the court. Judges represent the judiciary, which is a separate entity from the rest of the government precisely to avoid this kind of conflict of interest.

The deal is very simple, really:

Step 1: Realise how "unfair" it is that early adopters of Bitcoin made more money than you.
Step 2: Forget that Bitcoin's rise in value is due to the fact that it's an amazing innovation the likes of which the world has never seen, and create a clone of it that doesn't innovate in any way and everyone's seen a million times before.
Step 3: Convince suckers to buy your clonecoin. Profit!

It's quite simple. Size is the number of euros that people are offering to buy/sell, price is the number of ripples they want per euro, and sum is the cumulative total sizes of the orders, ie, the total number of euros that must be bought/sold to reach that price.

To give an example of how it works, say you want to trade 10 euros for ripples at market. How many ripples would you get? Well, you'd get the best bid price for your euros, which in this case is 81.37 XRP per euro. But you can only sell 5 euros at that price, so for the remaining 5 euros, you get the next best bid, which is 80.98 XRP per euro. But again, you can only sell 4.35 euros (9.35 total) at that price, so you sell the remaining 0.65 euros for the next best bid after that (75 XRP per euro). This bid is finally large enough to sell all your remaining euros, so we're all done, and you've sold 5 euros for 81.37 XRP each (406.85 XRP), 4.35 euros for 80.95 XRP each (352.1325 XRP), and 0.65 euros for 75 XRP each (48.75 XRP), for a grand total of 406.85 + 352.1325 + 48.75 = 807.7325 XRP. Average price = 80.77325 XRP per euro (or 0.01238 euros per XRP if you prefer).

Buying euros with ripples follows the exact same sequence, only you use asks instead of bids (and so you'll pay at least 205 XRP per euro due to the massive bid/ask spread resulting from the ridiculous illiquidity).

You just answered your own question. Because the private key is known, the instant anyone sends coins to that address, somebody will attempt to transfer those coins to their own addresses before anyone else does. But since everybody else has the exact same plan, the result is a great many transactions from many different people all trying to spend the same coins.

No. Goods and services are not debt. When you grab goods off a store shelf, you don't owe the store anything (unless you walk out with the goods without having bought them, but that has its own problems). Ever wondered how stores are allowed to refuse to accept $100 bills, even though $100 bills are legal tender? It's precisely because they're not required to accept legal tender. Now, if you steal something from the store, get arrested, and the court orders you to pay for the goods you stole, then you have a debt and the store is forced to accept legal tender, but otherwise they don't.