You don't need a second ledger to have a backup. Actually this doesn't give you more security at all.
All you need to backup is the 24-word-phrase. This phrase can be used to import your wallet into a new ledger or to import your wallet into any other
BIP39 compatible wallet.

Back to your first question:
Moving your funds from the paper wallet to your ledger makes it probably easier to be "organized" during forks.
But there is nothing wrong in leaving them on your paper wallet. You won't lose any coins and importing/splitting shouln't be a problem either.
Its completely up to you. I, personally, would store them all together on my hardware wallet.

There is no problem in running 2 different (or same) wallets on the same pc.
BUT you should carefully be only downloading official, verifiable wallets to make sure none of your funds get stolen.
I would be careful when holding a lot of alt coins. Because not every wallet is open source.
In this case you should split your "safe" wallets and your altcoin (non-verified) wallets onto 2 different pc's. (Or at least a hardware wallet for bigger funds).

Thats not true. Even if you send 0.1 btc to an address containing 1 btc, a transaction can still be replayed.
The current respectively the snapshot balance of the address does have no influence on the transaction which still can be replayed (because its a valid transaction).
But replaying this transaction would just make funds move to another wallet still in control of OP.

To be safe from replay attacks you basically "just" have to move your btc out of your current wallet.
Then, after BTG went live, you are able to import your "old" private keys to spend your BTG.
Or, in this case, OP can create a new "account" on his ledger nano to move btc funds there. Then, after btg went live, funds will appear under BTG chain (at main account).

A smart contract does not explicitly have to be based on ethereums blockchain. Neither does it have to be decentralized.
Ethereum is not the only platform which introduced smart contracts on the blockchain. But it is the most accepted and adopted.
Smart contracts (in future) could also be handled by a blockchain which is not completely decentralized. Licences, for example, could be easily
handled via smart contracts on a (non-public) "centralized blockchain".

You dont directly see from which address you will send your btc from. But after you sent your BTC you can look up your transaction
in a blockexplorer (e.g. blockchain.info). The inputs/outputs  are listed there. To prove you, and not another one, sent this transaction
you could sign a message "I, xxx, payed xxx for xxx. Date: xx:xx:xxxx" from one of these input addresses.

The ledger nano s offers the option to sign messages from addresses which were created on this ledger.
You have to open the settings menu -> tools -> "sign message".
Afterwards you can choose an address which you want to use signing the message and enter your message.
Sometimes it shows an error message. In this case you should try to update your firmware and try it again afterwards.

In this case you won't see your coins again. But before you begin to store new coins on this PC you should do these things:

• Do a full scan of your pc
• Wipe your hard drive after backing up your improtant data
• Fresh install of Windows + get anti virus

Afterwards you can start using a wallet again. But start with small amounts in case of it not being just a simple virus but a root kit.

As long you first transfer your bitcoin to a new wallet (or at least to a new address which private key is not in your old wallet) your bitcoins are safe.
Your BTC transaction (in this example) could only be replayed to the forked chain. So mostly they are at risk. But as long as you hold your private keys,
even the replayed transaction wouldn't mean a loss.
So after sending your BTC to a new wallet you can import your old private keys into a BTG wallet to send those funds to a new BTG wallet.
At this point you have 2 new wallets (1 BTC, 1 BTG) containing all your coins and 1 old wallet which u imported into BTG wallet (i would not look at it as a secured wallet anymore).

To safely split your coins you have to not reuse addresses/private keys/wallets.
You can split them safely by follow this steps:

• Create a new BTC Wallet
• Send your bitcoins to your new wallet
• Import your (old) BTC wallet(priv keys / word phrase) into your BCH wallet
• Create a new BCH wallet
• Send your imported BCH to your new BCH wallet

Now you have 2 new wallets (BTC/BCH) and 1 old wallet (BTC). From this point you are now safe since your coins are held on different HD Wallets.
I would also recommend to NOT use coinbase. Rather create desktop wallets.

Theoretically it is possible to create, sign and "broadcast" a transaction offline (at least broadcast it to vendor/partner/..).
But without the internet this transaction can't be verified, therefore its not valid yet.
Bitcoin wont die without internet from one second to another.. but its not usable as a currency as we expect it.
You could also, theoretically, fork off from bitcoin and "use" this forked chain/coin on an intranet.
This still would be "offline".. but you definitely need connection to other miners/nodes.

I think the most secured and best mobile wallet is MyCelium. GreenAddress (aka GreenBits) is also fine.
If you have an IOS you kinda forced to use Bread wallet (which is ok - but not the best one).
Still.. its always advisable to not store larger amounts of bitcoins on mobile wallets.
Android phones are pretty vulnerable to exploits lurking around on the internet.

Until now i did not hear from any security issues concerning trezors hardware wallets.
I, personally, like the ledger nano s more because it looks classy. Trezor appeals cheap when holding (light weight plastic).
The nano s on the other hand is a small sized "stick" which lookw pretty nice and feels smooth.
For me the previous version, the ledger nano, even looked better because it was like a "thin usb stick" with a nice surface.
But in the end its just personal preferences. Trezor is definetly safe!

This - as always - depends on the amount of bitcoins you want to store on this wallet.
I personally wouldn't use bread wallet for larger amounts. i would rather go with electrum for desptop or mycelium for android.
But the best option is a hardware wallet (costs about 60$, some are cheaper tho).

You should definetly make sure you are in a safe environment when creating a wallet/addresses in bread wallet. Also backup your phrases/priv keys.
And never copy/paste them. Those will stay in your memory until you shut your pc down. A big attack surface for malware.

I dont agree with you on that point.
You are right that cash won't be directly displaced by crypto currencies.
But after cash wont be accepted and credit cards and EC are the only way to buy stuff (probably in ~5 years), i think those credit cards are going to be replaced
by crypto currencies pretty soon. Credit cards are no way secure and this will become a big problem in the future.
Crypto currencies are a really good approach to fast cash-less buying/paying.
But BTC probably won't be the most accepted langauge since countries are going to start their own crypto coins like russia did with krypto rubel.

Thats not easy to predict at all. But stock- and crypto market arent related. Theoretically nothing should happen.
But there is also the option the capital moving from the extremely volatile and crashing stock market into the also volatile (but not that volatile) crypto market.
On the other hand it also could lead to a drop in crypto market too. But this wouldnt be that likey.
But i dont think there will be such a hard crash like the black friday in the next few years..

Blockchain.info is not safe either. The "feature" to access your private keys is no guarantee you are the only one who has access to this key.
I would always recommend a desktop wallet. At least a mobile wallet.

This is also the best way to ensure you are getting your new coins after the fork. Just make sure to have a backup of your private keys and dont let someone spy on you.

This statement is kinda meaningless.
First money is not backed by gold. That was a long time ago. And second, bitcoin is backed by work (proof-of-work & electricity).
But the more interesting question is why everything has to be backed. The value is determined by supply and demand.
With a market cap of 96+ billion $ and the acceptance bitcoin already has, it does not have to be backed by more than hashing work.

Actually this is pretty clear defined: "A smart contract is a computer protocol intended to facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract." - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_contract
Smart contracts in combination with crypto currencies makes it a system where you dont have to trust a person. A contract will be enforced. Decentralized.



Anything could be those use cases. For example some escrow service or a whole signature campaign which pays out per posts could be created.
Anything you can program can be coded into a smart contract.

Your basic idea is right of technology not evolving in bitcoin. But there is no real reason for bitcoin not being able to stand several decades.
There is no kind of "technology" used in bitcoin which cant be "updated" without forking.
Even if a fork would be required, if there is a good reason to make these changes to the original bitcoin, this would be a good option since you can still
reach the majority of the userbase to make it rise and rise and make bitcoin fall.
Therefore if a fork is required it can easily be "swapped over" to a new forked coin.

Of course governments can regulate cryptocurrencies. If the government decides to put regulations on crypto coins there is no other way than to yield.
In fact they are already starting doing this. Look at China for example. Or at russia. They started implementing a krypto rubel.
Since the market cap of BTC, ETH, .. is rising constantly there will sooner or later be all regulated (if not made illegal).
I dont think we will pay with cash in the next 5-10 years. Crypto currencies are a good alternative. They have to get regulated.