When you mine coins, what is it that you actually do? What is the data that you process? Who gives them to you? And finally how do they make profit out of it?
It depends upon whether you are mining solo or for a pool (and without extremely good hardware there is no point in mining solo) - but basically the main thing you are doing is trying to find a "random" number when hashed using SHA256 along with other data will produce a hash with a large enough number of leading 0s (according to the current "difficulty").
If you solve the problem (i.e. find a "correct" random number) and your work is able to be included in the "next block" then you will be sent 50 BTC (if solo) or a proportion of that amount (if in a pool). Also note that the 50 BTC reward drops by half every 4 years (and will do so soon).
To finally make a profit (in a fiat currency at least) you would have to sell your mined bitcoins to someone else.
P.S. I got a Dell l702x with a geforce 555 m 3gb and an i7-2670qm... will it do anything worthy?
As the other poster stated this hardware (and it's really only the graphics card that matters) will not do so well (so don't even attempt solo mining with it as you will just be wasting a lot of electricity for no reward).