Yes

No. The Bitcoin you receive at one address is not split nor sent to another address in your wallet. When you want to spend Bitcoin from your wallet, it will choose which addresses to spend from.

You could import that key into a wallet client and send the Bitcoin to the other person's address. Or you could give the other person that piece of paper with the key and have them import the address and send the funds to themselves.

I highly advise that you NOT use blockchain.info. For starters, they are a web wallet, which is less secure than a desktop wallet. Secondly blockchain.info has a long history of bad security practices, service problems, and customer support issues. I advise you to not use blockchain.info nor any other web wallet. Rather you should use a desktop client such as Bitcoin Core, Armory, or Electrum.

You didn't, but many people who propose ideas based on Bitcoin that have a concept of a "coin" assume that there is an object called a Bitcoin and base their ideas off of that. Thus I thought it was necessary to point this out.

Who assigns the ID? What prevents me from creating a fake coin? What if I want to blacklist all the coins that I know have been used illegally?

There is no such thing as a "coin" in Bitcoin. The Bitcoins you see are just values, there is no object of a Bitcoin.

How would you identify each coin?

A Bitcoin wallet is a collection of Bitcoin addresses and their corresponding keys. There are several wallet clients which generate the addresses and allow you to easily send and receive Bitcoin and view your transaction history.

A paper wallet is a piece of paper which contains addresses (usually only 1 though) and their corresponding keys. This is usually printed out and kept in a safe place for long term storage of Bitcoin.

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This is a common misconception. That is an ADDRESS not a WALLET. An address is different from a wallet. A wallet contains multiple addresses and the corresponding public and private keys.

No. Your electricity must be much much lower in order to make any sort of profit and an S3 does not provide enough hash power. You will need several Th/s in order to see any significant revenue from mining.

When you're not a newbie.

It should remove itself once the transaction drops from the network, although I'm not entirely sure. To clear it from the wallet you need to use -zapwallettxes. It's okay to leave it there and it won't affect your wallet.

I don't know what is wrong, but it is clearly a bug in the blockchain parser software.

You can't.

First of all, use Armory 0.94.1, not 0.93.3. You can download it from https://github.com/goatpig/BitcoinArmory/releases/tag/v0.94.1. Next, go to File > Settings and uncheck "Let Armory run Bitcoin-Core run in the background". Shutdown Armory. Then start Bitcoin Core and let it finish syncing. Then start Armory.

There is no "4" prefix.

which blockchain parser?

It actually is not strange at all that blockchain.info is not listed there. They have strict criteria for listing wallets on the site to ensure that users have supported and secure wallet software. You can see the criteria here: https://github.com/bitcoin-dot-org/bitcoin.org#wallets. Blockchain.info fails some of those and thus is not listed. Many users have found concerning issues with their security, especially the use of a weak RNG. Many times security issues have been pointed out but those issues were not addresses for a long time. Their service typically has strange bugs that have caused issues in the past. Many of those bugs are simple bugs that should have been easily found and solved but were not. Their customer support is also pretty bad.

This is the PR that removed bc.i from bitcoin.org: https://github.com/bitcoin-dot-org/bitcoin.org/pull/663 with explanations of why it was removed. Some of the issues identified have been fixed since then but many of Bitcoin experts and long time users still consider blockchain.info to be pretty bad.

Yes, Bitcoin.org and Bitcoin.com are very different, run by different people, and have different purposes. Please don't mix them up.

Can you show the transactions tab? That will have the full transaction list. There may be other transactions that spent the large transactions.

If you are using Bitcoin Core 0.12.0 or 0.12.1, you can go to Help > Debug Window and click on the Console tab. Then type in the box at the bottom
If it doesn't give you an error, you should then be able to respend the inputs spent by that transaction.

If you do get an error, start Bitcoin Core with the -zapwallettxes option. To do that, right click the shortcut for Bitcoin Core and choose "Properties". Then in the box labeled "Target", go all the way to the right in that box, past all of what is already there. Then add -zapwallettxes. Make sure there is a space between that and what is already in the box. Then click OK and double click the shortcut to start Bitcoin Core. When it is fully started, you can edit the shortcut again and remove what you just added.

So when you respend them, make sure that you include a fee. To get a good fee, click the "Choose" button next to "Transaction Fee" on the send tab and choose the radio button for "Recommended". Then slide the slider all the way to the right to "fast". That will get you a high enough fee to have the transaction confirm quickly.

Interesting, that shouldn't happen. You should see them in Available.

First of all, that is not a transaction, that is an address. Secondly, you did not include a transaction fee, so it will take a long time to confirm, if it does at all.

What version of Bitcoin Core are you using? It should never allow a zero fee transaction.

If you do not have a backup of your wallet, it is most likely that you have lost that address and will not be able to retrieve the Bitcoin.

Try starting Bitcoin Core with the -salvagewallet option. You do the same thing as you did for rescanning but instead of -rescan you do -salvagewallet.

Can you please provide the debug.log file?

The pool software decides whether they want to include your transaction in a block. This software can be tweaked to include or exclude certain transactions.

No, it does not. Your wallet cannot be hacked just because the transactions it produces are non-standard. It just means that your transactions may take longer to confirm or may not confirm at all.

Trust is not moderated. Talk to the people who gave you negative trust.

You could create a new address and label it "identity" for each wallet. That would be your wallet identified. Then use the rpc command
to get the address and determine which wallet is which.

Check out https://www.bitaddress.org. You can use the site to create paper wallets. You can and should download the code for the site from github: https://github.com/pointbiz/bitaddress.org and then use it on an offline machine when you actually want to make a paper wallet.