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1  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / SERO - A new blockchain tech may light up the deep web on: May 11, 2019, 06:24:30 PM

So far, at least, the market value of most cryptocurrencies has been dictated by the demands of the Deep Web ecosystem.

What does the Deep Web means?

On wikipedia, the deep web is collectively referred to as a site accessible only by special softwares, special licenses, or special settings for computers. Server addresses and data transfers on the Deep Web are anonymous and hidden. Deep Web networks are typically based on anonymous network transport protocols such as Tor or I2P. Tor focuses on providing anonymous access to the Internet, and I2P protocol focuses on anonymous web hosting. Layered encryption systems keep the identities and locations of Deep Web users anonymous and untraceable. Deep Web network encryption technology sends user data through a large number of intermediate servers, protecting user identity and ensuring anonymity. The transmitted information can only be decrypted through the subsequent nodes in the path, and these nodes lead to the egress node. Because the system is too complex, it is almost impossible to regenerate the node path and decrypt the information layer by layer.
Due to the high level of encryption, the website can not track its user's geographical location and IP, and users can not know the relevant information about the website host. As a result, communications between Deep Web users are highly encrypted, allowing users to communicate, post blogs, and share files in a confidential manner.
The Deep Web was originally just some technical features, the technology itself is not evil, but these characteristics are widely used in illegal online trading activities, such as illegal data, pornography, drugs, firearms and some of the communication of illegal organizations. In fact, some legitimate transmissions involving confidential information also operate on similar technologies, such as military secrets, some private communities, classified assets transactions, and so on.

Dark web and the rise of BTC

The attributes of cryptocurrencies like BTC are well matched by the business motivations behind the Deep Web. Bitcoin is based on blockchain technology, andthe blockchain is naturally decentralized, order-banking, to financial institutions, no middlemen,no government intervention, the transaction address has no relationship with IP addresses. These characteristics are in line with the needs of high anonymity and security of the dark network e-commerce. It can be said that the block chain has gradually acquired a new kind of technical standards for the Dark Web network, especially involves the potential
asset trading platform.

Bitcoin was born in January 2009 as an experiment that was initially almost worthless, but its real rise in price came in 2011, more or less thanks to a website called the “Silk Road”. The "Silk Road" was born in
February 2011. Besides jewellery, the goods sold on the website also included a series of "commodities" banned by various countries. At that time, the transactions of these commodities were settled with BTC as the payment currency. After the “Silk Road” was seized in 2013, according to an FBI investigation, its founders made at least 700,000 BTCs (about $80 million at the time) in profits between 2011 and 2013, while the total transaction value of the “Silk Road” was 9.5 million BTCs.

More private cryptocurrency - the Monero coin

However, the honeymoon period between BTC and the Deep Web did not last long. According to the survey report, the proportion of transactions related to money laundering using BTC in the Deep Web has
been declining, from 1.07% in 2013 to 0.12% in 2016. The essential reason is that the BTC as a kind of "None-anonymous Coin" (that is, cryptocurrency with transparent transaction data and account address),
has natural defects in its anonymity, its trading addresses and transaction amount of natural exposure to a third party. Bitcoin trading has become increasingly transparent as intelligence agencies around the world track it, often appear the seizure of currency account addresses, and the hard to- find currency substitutes face the same transaction risks as legal currencies, so the Weep Web world has been looking for the substitute for its currency.
Among many choices, LTC surpassed BTC in terms of transaction speed and low handling fee, and then became the favorite cryptocurrency in the Dark Web, but it is also not good for a long time, because the need for convenience can not replace the importance of transaction security.
Eventually, Monero currency such as higher safety coefficient currency has become the darling of the Deep Web transactions. In the summer of 2016, AlphaBay, the main market of theDeep Web, first introduced the
Monero coin (XMR) as a means of payment.
This decision also led to the rapid growth of the market value of Monero coin from $5 million to $185 million that year. The most important reason why Monero coin is so popular is that it adopts ring-signature
cryptocurrency technology. It is a completely anonymous cryptocurrency, whose addresses, transaction amount, sender and receiver information are completely hidden and cannot be tracked and
inquired.

The ultimate shielding solution with Zcash

Both Monero and Zcash are typical representatives of anonymous coins. But on the technical level, the zero-knowledge proof technology used by Zcash surpasses Monroe's ring signature technology in terms of
anonymity. The zero-knowledge proof technique solves the problem of being able to prove to you that an assertion is true without revealing any information about it. Take the cryptocurrency transaction as an example.
It is to try to prove that the transaction is correct and the asset is valid without telling the payer, the payee and the amount involved. The default ring number of Monroe's ring signing technology is 4. , in
fact, using a different ring numbers may let traders visible, which means that on the basis of every transaction, anonymous intensity is constrained by the number of ring’s participants. The blockchain analysts, although cannot prove that trading is related, but they can calculate the probability of the transaction association. Zcash's hiding method is much more advanced than Monroe. It can hide the trading history in all the transactions that have occurred before, completely breaking the chain traced between transactions, and can achieve the ultimate concealment scheme.

Why isn't Zcash as popular as Monero on the Deep Web

Although Zcash has the best anonymity, some problems limit its applicability in Deep Web transactions. One of the problem is that Zcash is not 100% anonymous currency: the Zcash protocol uses two types of
addresses for transactions: the "z address" for invisible transactions and the "t address" for transparent transactions. In the Zcash protocol,, all transactions for both t addresses are transparent and the transfers
history can be publicly accessed. When a transaction generated between the t address and the z address, a third party can view part of the information of the private transaction, thereby affects the anonymity and allow the observer to analyze the identity of the anonymous transaction. Another problem is zero knowledge
proof of the speed of encryption transactions, because of the complexity of mthematical calculation, Zcash’s anonymous transactions generated time is much longer than that of Monero, which means that people can't widely used its anonymous functions, which also affects the popularity of z-address anonymous transactions, thus reducing its anonymous security. In fact, due to its performance problems, The transaction between z address only accounts for about 10% of the total transaction volume, and all other transactions are transparent. Therefore, although zero-knowledge proved to be a powerful anonymous scheme,
these problems existing in Zcash itself have long affected its popularity in the Deep Web transactions.

Current problems encountered in the deep web trading

Although cryptocurrency provides a certain degree of anonymity for the transactions of the Deep Web and promotes the emergence of the Deep Web e-commerce, it seems that it has reached a bottleneck stage at
present. At present, the use of the Deep Web for cryptocurrency has encountered the following problems:
1. Even with the blessing of anonymous cryptocurrency like Monero and the onion network of deep web, under the supervision of the national intelligence department, because of the ring-signature scheme like
Monero coin, the number of cryptographic transactions signed each time is limited, and the bulk transactions can still be traced back.
2. Due to the anonymity of transactions, the upstream and downstream of deep web e-commerce are strictly separated and unable to communicate with each other, resulting in a very simple business model. Smart contract is an effective solution to solve the problem, however, the above-mentioned anonymous cryptocurrency used by the Deep Web is a pure payment currency, and the technology used does not support smart contracts., in the aspect of cryptocurrency. Therefore, it is impossible to support complex upstream and downstream business logic at the cryptocurrency level, even if it is an interactive action to confirm the
transaction.
3. These cryptocurrencies are controlled by market makers and their prices have skyrocketed and plummeted, which to a large extent has caused troubles to the cost and profit accounting of the Deep Web ecommerce.
4. There are just a few anonymous cryptocurrencies, and the dark network ecology has its own circulation environment and scale. Previously, the technology on the market could not support these ecosystems to issue their own cryptocurrency according to their own business rules and economic models. Market rules determine the price of money, and the use of existing cryptocurrencies is likely to become a
victim of the secondary market.

A new technology: SERO - An anonymous blockchain that also supports Smart Contracts

A new technology called SERO (Super Zero) is expected to change the status quo. In one sentence, SERO is the world's first blockchain-based platform that provides privacy protection based on zero-knowledge
proofs technology and supports Turing's complete smart contract. In short, SERO allows the ecosystem to issue its own anonymous cryptocurrency, even non-homogeneous digital assets, and develop commercial applications for DApps If Zcash, Monero and Dash are the private version of Bitcoin, SERO is the private version of Ethereum.
In the face of the performance problem of Zcash, SERO's Zero knowledge proof encryption system - “super-zk", is an order of magnitude faster than the zk-SNARKs used by Zcash. After the performance problem is solved, the transactions initiated on SERO are 100% anonymous transactions by default.

What can SERO do for the Deep Web?

These new technological advantages are likely to make SERO have broad application prospects in the Deep Web e-commerce, including:
1. All transactions default to highly secure anonymous transactions
Zcash claims to be an anonymous currency, but it defaults to t-address transactions, which makes many transactions inadvertently transparent, and these inadvertent errors are likely to cause fatal consequences,
making more people discouraged from use it, not everyone understand the complex technology, but reducing the users’s understanding of the threshold, and reducing the chance of making mistakes is a must.
2. SERO’s transactions speed is fast and the user experience is good
SERO’s blocks generation speed is quickly, 15 seconds a block, 6 blocks to confirm the transaction. Combined with the optimization of cryptocurrency transaction construction speed, SERO's transaction
speed is dozens of times faster than Zcash, so that high-concurrency transactions can also have a good experience. Deep web transactions are not all bulk transactions, and the Deep Web ecology can also have
the business logic of snapping up and auction, which SERO makes this possible.
3. SERO supports Turing's complete smart contract
SERO support Turing’s complete smart contract programming, so it can write the business logic of the upstream and downstream contracts of the transaction into the smart contract. For example, the dark network trading parties can deploy the system supporting the multi-layer distribution system in the case of identity concealment, which can be used to support the B2B Market Center on the Deep Web, and bring
leapfrog development to the Deep Web e-commerce. In the simplest case, fully decentralized sealed bids trading can now be supported, where the smart contracts determines under which rules, who
will be allowed to trade, and automatically use pre-entered contract assets for payment.
4. SERO supports the issuance of anonymous coins using smart contracts
SERO does not deliberately emphasize its own coinage rights., but instead focuses on supporting the use of contract issuing tokens, which are the same as zero-knowledge-based anonymous coins as SERO. So
business ecosystems may issue its own cryptocurrencies for ecological circulation, instead of having to use the existing cryptocurrencies issued by the third party, thus can design their own currency allocation and
circulation rules, in such scenarios, the coinage rights are usually borne by a party with sufficient credit, such as a seller of goods in the seller's market. In many scenarios, it is possible to design a stable currency that
anchors physical assets, which avoids problems caused by sharp rises and falls in currency prices and makes it easier for the ecological parties to hold it for a long time, it is easier to exchange with real world assets,
and these monetary attributes cannot be achieved by Zcash or Monero.

SERO supports storage and anonymous transfer of data assets with complex structures

In addition to token, SERO also supports the storage and anonymous transfer of data assets with complex structures. The data structure of assets can be token, Ticket or Package. Because Package is data oriented,
this data structure can support unlimited nesting and form a complex asset structure that meets business requirements. Package can also store the user's assets or data encoded with a key, and can be easily transferred in the transaction. This feature will support more non-transactional scenarios such as anonymous chat, distributed storage, data privacy protection ,etc. Even more exciting, the technology promises to bring barter back to the market, remove the bubble and hegemony of centralised coinage, and
replace apples with marijuana? Not a problem, a Package can clearly describe the various attributes of a bag of apples (origin, storage, quantity, quality, and even historical transaction records), use the blockchain technology to ensure the authenticity of asset data, and fully quantify the asset value, and finally make the barter transaction possible.

Conclusion

Deep Web is the natural use scenario of cryptocurrencies and SERO, as a new generation of anonymous coin platform, will most likely re-activate the Deep Web world, and eventually become the uncrowned king of
privacy public chain.

2  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Bounties (Altcoins) / SERO Meme Contest on: April 19, 2019, 12:09:43 AM
                                                                                                   SERO Meme Contest

                                                   

Duration

This competition will begin from 18th April (00:00 UTC) to 24th April (23:59 UTC).

How to submit entries?

Must tweet your entry to SERO official Twitter https://twitter.com/SEROdotCASH with following hashtags.
 #SERO #privacy #blockchain #Twitter #DAPPS #crypto #cryptocurrency
Submit the link of your tweet in the #memecontest channel in SERO Discord.
Join SERO Discord : https://discordapp.com/invite/3AZVMRU
You can submit your entries till 24th April (23:59 UTC)
[ NOTE : You must submit your tweet link in the #memecontest channel in SERO Discord]

Rules


Memes you submit should be related to SERO.
Retweet and like this tweet https://twitter.com/SEROdotCASH/status/1118671535366033408
Participants can submit their entries till 24th April (23:59 UTC).
There is no bound on entries submission i.e you can submit as many memes as you want.
The winner will be decided by community voting i.e total number of SERO Discord votes + Twitter retweets and likes.
Participants can share their tweets in other communities and their friend circles.

Rewards

The winner of this competition will be rewarded with 1,000 SERO

Official links

Official website : https://sero.cash
Tencent : https://v.qq.com/x/page/s0792e921ok.html
YouTube : https://youtu.be/UNG2boG49Io
Twitter : https://twitter.com/SEROdotCASH
Medium : https://medium.com/@SERO.CASH
Github : https://github.com/sero-cash
Reddit : https://www.reddit.com/user/SEROofficial
BitcoinTalk ANN : https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5123382.0
Linkedin :https://www.linkedin.com/company/sero-global-inc/
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/SEROProtocol
Gitter Community : https://gitter.im/sero-cash/Lobby?utm_source=share-link&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=share-link
SERO VS Zcash encryption speed comparison :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bc6yHTLSl5M

Telegram Community


Chinese group : https://t.me/SeroOfficialChs
English group : https://t.me/SeroOfficial
SERO Announcement : https://t.me/SEROannouncements
SERO Official Technical Support : https://t.me/SeroFans

SERO Discord : https://discord.gg/3AZVMRU
3  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Bounties (Altcoins) / [Bounty] SERO 101 SUPERUSER Global Recruitment Program on: April 09, 2019, 12:50:47 PM
                                                SERO 101 SUPERUSER Global Recruitment Program

     First 100 users to earn 101 points will win 10,000 SERO each. One "Lucky Super User" will win 100,000 SERO.

                                                          


Top 100 Super User Selection Rules


The first top 100 users in this event who earn 101 points are will be the Super Users.

101st Super User Selection Rule


After the top 100 super users are selected, we will do a lucky draw to find the most fortunate “Lucky Super User” among all the community members who join the super user sea election. The Lucky Draw will be done among all the referrers.

Instructions:


Step 1: Follow the steps and carefully fill the FORM A : https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1VRJY6VuX9b44QGTboIW5jUauRXXBP1Fgxbys9J30oKc

Step 2: Once you have filled the FORM A, follow the steps and carefully fill FORM B :
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1navjJJgsHurVvSPR29N3fh86vFim855-6AogOuARkic

101 SUPERUSER Rewards and Benefits
Reward:
The top 100 users who have accumulated 101 points can get an extra 10,000 SERO in addition to the above invitation bonus !

“Lucky Super User” will receive 100,000 SERO!

Benefits:

⭐Every Super User will receive a limited edition commemorative T-shirt in different stages.

⭐ Each Super User will receive a 101 limited super user commemorative coin (issued on SERO), which is a unique identifier.

⭐Every Super User will receive the priority of the SERO products (such as this Flight Wallet)

⭐Every Super User will be given priority access to the priority benefits included in the SERO product promotion process.

⭐Every Super User has the opportunity to get technical one-on-one support from the official team of SERO in ecological construction (such as setting up a guild, building a mining pool, issuing digital currency, DAPP application development, etc.);

⭐A Super User will be required to complete future tasks and be involved with the SERO ecological development.

⭐ Super Users can join the super user community in an anonymous situation but needs to be active and maintain a state of communication at any time within community.

NOTE :

The questionnaire (FORM A ) must be answered by every participant correctly and you must be a member of SERO Discord.
Your Discord account should not be newbie.
Address your queries regarding this event join the #superuser channel in SERO Discord.
The first stage of the activity for the recruitment of Super Users will be officially opened on 8th April 2019, and will end when all the 101 Super Users are selected.
The 101 Super User of this initial activity and all the participants must join SERO Discord.
This event was initiated by the SERO official team and all the rights belong to the SERO team.


Official links

Official website : https://sero.cash
Tencent : https://v.qq.com/x/page/s0792e921ok.html
YouTube : https://youtu.be/UNG2boG49Io
Twitter : https://twitter.com/SEROdotCASH
Medium : https://medium.com/@SERO.CASH
Github : https://github.com/sero-cash
Reddit : https://www.reddit.com/user/SEROofficial
BitcoinTalk ANN : https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5123382.0
Linkedin :https://www.linkedin.com/company/sero-global-inc/
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/SEROProtocol
Gitter Community : https://gitter.im/sero-cash/Lobby?utm_source=share-link&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=share-link
SERO VS Zcash encryption speed comparison :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bc6yHTLSl5M

Telegram Community

Chinese group : https://t.me/SeroOfficialChs
English group : https://t.me/SeroOfficial
SERO Announcement : https://t.me/SEROannouncements
SERO Official Technical Support : https://t.me/SeroFans

SERO Discord : https://discord.gg/3AZVMRU
4  Other / Archival / xyv on: April 07, 2019, 03:31:02 PM
xuv
5  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Mining (Altcoins) / Re: What coin should I 'mine' with my laptops? on: March 29, 2019, 09:06:18 PM
You should have a look at SERO, its CPU mineable privacy protocol where developers can build and issue anonymous smart contracts, anon tokens, tickets etc. , the team has achieved 20 times faster encryption against Zcash during testnet, they also have a guild mining program going on, check out them at here https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5123382.0
SERO Discord : https://discordapp.com/invite/mGJGZJT
SERO Telegram : https://t.me/SeroOfficial
6  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Announcements (Altcoins) / Re: [ANN] SERO - Zero Knowledge Proof based Privacy Protection Platform for DApps on: March 23, 2019, 07:52:19 AM
SERO Official Pool : http://203.195.255.129:8082
7  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Mining (Altcoins) / Re: Are you mining Ethash or Grin? on: March 14, 2019, 08:31:12 AM
I am mining SERO, privacy protection protocol of decentralised applications based on zero knowledge proofs that also supports smart contracts.
CPU mineable coin on betanet mining program running all coins will be mapped to mainnet after launch.

Why am i mining SERO ?
-SERO team acheived 20 times after encryption against Zcash during September 2018 testnet.
-Funded by LD Capital
-CPU based mining, Based on Zero knowledge proof and supports Turing complere smart contract
-Homomorphic Encryption
-Issue Anonymous Assets and Tokens, Smart Contracts
-SERO Ecosystem of SERO Coin, Tokens, Tickets, Packages
-SERO team has created "SUPER-ZK" encryption library and achieved 20x encryption speed agains Zcash during September 2018 testnet.
-BetaNet RC and BetaNet Release version already launched.
-Mainnet release planned for April 2019.
-3 in1 suite of SERO, ALIEN and CASTROL protocol.
-SERO’s Hybrid Transaction Model (UTXO + ACCOUNT)
-Already have strategic business partnerships with many organisations.

Zcash vs SERO encryption speed demonstration comparison- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bc6yHTLSl5M


Official website:  https://sero.cash/
8  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Mining (Altcoins) / Re: [Mining OS] openrig.net/oros easy-to-use Nvidia Mining Management on: February 25, 2019, 07:41:26 AM
Can i use it to mine SERO?
9  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Tokens (Altcoins) / Re: [ANN] SOLD OUT IEO and SERO BetaNet Mining Program on: January 28, 2019, 01:45:27 AM
since you sold 5 million sero tokens in the first phase, will there be any phase any phase?
about the ICO is there any details to see how much the coins price during the presale/ICO
Because I'm interested to invest in this project
You can ask you questions in the official SERO Telegram group regarding all information https://t.me/SeroOfficial
10  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Tokens (Altcoins) / Re: [ANN] SOLD OUT IEO and SERO BetaNet Mining Program on: January 24, 2019, 09:41:28 AM
Very well-known project. The question is, why created quite a lot of topics with your project? To the people accidentally missed it?
Quite possibly there are many SERO volunteers who are taking part in the BetaNet mining program. The BetaNet was released on 9th Jan and the Testnet was done on 30th September 2018 so there is a solid community preparing for upcoming mainnet and mining SERO.  Smiley
11  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Tokens (Altcoins) / [ANN] SOLD OUT IEO and SERO BetaNet Mining Program on: January 23, 2019, 12:39:44 PM
                                       

📌 Dear SERO Community,

SERO listed on GGBTC exchange (https://www.ggbtc.com) on January 23th 2019, launched first phase of IEO at 4 PM and officially sold out 5 million ERC20 tokens in 5 minutes! Thanks to the community partners who have been supporting SERO. Let’s build SERO as the best blockchain project in the field of privacy protection, we truly believe that SERO will come through as one of the best blockchain project of 2019.

SERO BetaNet Mining Program


                                       


SERO (Super Zero Protocol https://sero.cash) is not only the world’s first traceable Private Coin supporting smart contracts but also the world’s first platform that allows developers to issue Private Coins by themselves and can be used in decentralized applications. SERO uses Zero knowledge to protect important information such as accounts and transactions with strong privacy protection functions. SERO team created world’s fastest Zero-knowledge proof encryption library called “Super-ZK” which is more than 20 times faster than zk-SNARKs used by Zcash. Hundreds of miners from all over the world have joined the SERO miners community and are mining SERO Coins.

SERO Mining Tutorials

How to mine SERO using gero program: https://wiki.sero.cash/en/index.html?file=Start/from-the-binary-package

How to mine SERO using wallet: https://wiki.sero.cash/en/index.html?file=Start/mined-from-the-wallet

Related Resources

BetaNet block explorer: http://explorer.web.sero.cash
Source code location: https://github.com/sero-cash/go-sero
Smart contract editor: http://remix.web.sero.cash
SERO Technology Products WIKI: https://wiki.sero.cash/

IMPORTANT LINKS
Official website : https://sero.cash
Tencent : https://v.qq.com/x/page/s0792e921ok.html
YouTube : https://youtu.be/UNG2boG49Io
Twitter : https://twitter.com/SEROdotCASH
Medium : https://medium.com/@SERO.CASH
Github : https://github.com/sero-cash
Reddit : https://www.reddit.com/user/SEROofficial
BitcoinTalk : https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=2449455;sa
Linkedin :https://www.linkedin.com/company/sero-global-inc/
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/SEROProtocol
Gitter Community : https://gitter.im/sero-cash/Lobby?utm_source=share-link&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=share-link
SERO VS Zcash encryption speed comparison :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bc6yHTLSl5M

Telegram Community

Chinese group : https://t.me/SeroOfficialChs
English group : https://t.me/SeroOfficial
SERO Announcement : https://t.me/SEROannouncements
SERO Official Technical Support : https://t.me/SeroFans
12  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Tokens (Altcoins) / Re: Smart Contracts Tutorial — Issue Anonymous Tokens on: January 18, 2019, 11:53:59 PM
Been mining this gem on system for awhile, nice progress team! Smiley
13  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Announcements (Altcoins) / Re: Technical Analysis of Super-ZK Protocol (SERO) Products on: December 21, 2018, 06:18:32 AM
Thank you so much Prina1 for this amazing post! Smiley
#SEROGang forever! btw I saw the private sale is going on currently.
14  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Announcements (Altcoins) / Technical Analysis of Super-ZK Protocol (SERO) Products on: December 06, 2018, 08:26:02 PM
Technical Analysis of Super-ZK Protocol (SERO) Products

Some time ago, I was working on enterprise blockchain system and contacted some privacy-related technologies. Since in most cases, the business data on the blockchain belongs to the trade secrets of the parties to the transaction, it is impossible for users to have unlimited access. However the decentralization feature of the blockchain determines that it is impossible to create a central credit agency to preserve these confidential data.

Therefore, I am very concerned about the development of the anonymous blockchain technology in the public blockchains. I have focused on popular anonymous blockchain technologies such as Monero, Dash and Zcash. The application of technologies such as ring signature and coin mixer is too limited, and the Zero Knowledge used by Zcash proves to be suitable for most scenarios, but it has been slow and not very applicable. Moreover, they have not achieved support for Turing's complete smart contracts. Based on the Bitcoin-based UTXO, these technologies are not friendly to the implementation of smart contracts.

A few days ago, during a company dinner, a colleague mentioned that a public blockchain called Super Zero Protocol (SERO) appeared recently. It is an anonymous blockchain that supports Turing's complete smart contracts and is implemented with zero-knowledge proofs. It is said that the development has been completed at present. This has aroused my interest, so I intend to study it and see if I can learn something from it.

Official website and White paper

                                                                       

To be honest, the marketing and SEO of SERO team did not do good enough. When I searched for sero from the internet, I did not find the SERO offical website on the first page of the search results. I didn't have any information about this public chain until I searched for sero cash.


According to the information provided by the official website, the SERO development team should be in China, basically Chinese. From the resume on linkdin, these guys have extensive R&D and engineering practice experience in the technical fields. If it is like the official announcement, SERO is the world's first anonymous blockchain that supports Turing's complete smart contract, and it is 20 times faster than Zcash in generating zero-knowledge proofs. It is a very exciting project.

Links to white papers and GitHub open source projects can be found on the official website. According to the official information, the SERO project has been developed and is open source. So I downloaded the white paper and made a brief analysis of the source code in GitHub.

Advanced Source Code

                                                                       

I found a very interesting thing that subverted my understanding of the blockchain projects.

The usual blockchain project's white paper is ahead of its source code for many development cycles. In the most extreme cases, some of the projects, their white papers were writen in fancy but the project team may have disappeared before the main chain is developed.

For the SERO project, its source code goes beyond the white paper for several cycles. In other words, I found that the official website V1.0.6 white paper only maps the source code of SERO a month ago (Alpha 0.1 version). These features released by the current (Beta 0.3.0) version, such as "Transaction Generation Speed Optimization", "Issuance of Anonymous Tickets" and "Test Invitation License", are not reflected in the white paper.


Perhaps the SERO team update the white paper every time after development.

The Basic Theory of Anonymous Coins

                                                                       

According to the SERO white paper, Anonymous coins have three basic characteristics, Un-traceable, Un-associable, Anti-statistical analysis. These are very understandable.

You should not be able to track the source, destination, amount of coins and other transactions of the same account of the transaction even using big data analysis.

In addition, the SERO white paper also proposes an optional audit solution. For example, you can set your spouse as an optional auditor, so everyone can't get information related to your transactios except you and your spouse. And besides you, even your spouse cannot use your money.

In SERO's white paper, anonymous assets and smart contracts are divided into online and offline categories. According to the above description, the anonymous tickets added by the Beta version should be in the category of _ online anonymous assets.
This function is very informative and interested guys can read the white paper yourself.

                                                                     

In addition, SERO's official announcement mentioned that they have a Super-ZK C++ library, which is 20 times more efficient than Zcash's ZK-snarks, and gives a video comparing with Zcash. I searched Github for a long time and didn't find the library.

Later, I discovered that it appeared to be a library named go-czero-import, which references a C++ library named czero. There is an interface for generating transaction certificates.

SERO's Features

In order to try and debug the functions of SERO, I cloned all the source code of SERO. I found that the SERO project still has a serious problem. As a project with a complete product, there is no unified introduction to the entire product set, which leads me to explore various functions by myself. This is really a waste of time.

SERO's main node program gero was changed with the Go language version of Ethereum geth, although it seems that there are a lot of changes, but the trunk has not changed. Fortunately, I am very familiar with geth, only encountered a small problem when I linked the C++ dynamic library. Finally, according to the readme on GitHub, it was successfully compiled and run on the MACOS system and the CENTOS7 system respectively.

SERO's entire product system includes the following systems and features:

go-sero Full Node Service Program

Code location: http://github.com/sero-cash/go-sero
Get the program gero after compiling.

Background Service function


                                                                               

When gero starts up, according to the configuration, the node will automatically choose to synchronize the data of AlphaNet or BetaNet, act as a full data node in the network, and execute the commands issued by the client. Client Wallet or Interactive Console Connect all nodes through rpc or ipc.

Interactive Console
 
                                                                               

When the console parameter is added to gero, gero becomes a interactive console. I have to say that the operation mode of the commands in gero is almost the same as that of Ethereum, which has no threshold for people like me who are familiar with Ethereum commands.

Account Management and Anonymous Assets

In terms of account management, the asset query results provided by gero are divided into two types, Tkn and Tkt. I didn't find the corresponding documents, but according to the online publicity information, they should represent Token and Ticket respectively, which is called the token and the ticket. A ticket can be considered as a non-homologous pass, unique and indivisible. According to the white paper and promotional materials, both assets are anonymous assets. In other words, when you make a transaction, SERO will hide the information of these two assets.

Anonymous transactions

Because I don't have a test license for AlphaNet or BetaNetand and can't confirm the transaction through mining, so I tested the anonymous transaction with Dev mode. On my machine, I can see that the transaction generation time is 7s. From the transaction data, the transaction certificate uses the Commitment mode to determine that it is an anonymous transaction. As for what AssetCM and OutCM represent, I don't understand what it means, and I will study it carefully until I read the source code or the latest white paper.

Ledger Creation (Mining)

This command is consistent with Ethereum. From the block structure, the minin address of the miner accepting the reward is changing. This address should correspond to the temporary address (PKr) described in the white paper, that is, no one will know who mines this block except the miners themselves.

Smart Contracts

The installation steps for smart contracts are also consistent with Ethereum. The community's promotional information mentions that SERO is compatible with the Ethereum Smart Contracts. I copied the deployment code from Ethereum's Remix editor, changed the eth in the code to sero and tested it. The results showed that there was no problem in installation and operation. Smart contracts can issue anonymous Tokens and Tickets. In this case, the anonymous version of ERC20 and ERC721 smart contracts should be implemented.

Asset Independence

This feature was discovered by myself and was not clearly stated in the v1.0.6 white paper. For anonymous Token and Ticket assets, they are independent of issuing their own smart contracts.

This means that assets and rules are independent of each other. The anonymous asset issued by the smart contracts are equivalent to the status of the SERO currency, not stored in the map of smart contracts. This approach makes the adaptability of SERO smart contracts beyond Ethereum, breaking the boundaries between smart contracts, and many complex functions are easier to be implemented. For example, smart contracts for decentralized exchanges can be written on SERO.

Smart Contract Editor
URL: https://remix.web.sero.cash


                                                                           

The SERO Remix editor comes with examples of how to issue anonymous tokens and anonymous tickets.

Blockchain Browser
URL: https://explorer.web.sero.cash

                                                                           

The SERO product set includes a succinct block browser. The block browser contains two types of views: Block and Transaction. In the blockchain browser, the SERO coins and the anonymous token issued by the SERO smart contracts have the transaction address of the temporary address Pkr because of their anonymous features and the transaction amount will replace the actual transaction amount with 0.

However, for SERO's block browser, I feel that the team can do some work on smart contract data display in the future. After all, for a blockchain application, even in the case of most transaction encryption, it is very necessary for some public information to be displayed in the smart contracts.

Wallet

                                                                           

According to community announcement, the wallet client will be open source before the 24th November, the wallet will include  account management, transaction management and smart contract management. As it is not released currently, the above picture is copied from the announcement article.

Development and Test Environment

According to the information on github, SERO has four environments:

Dev environment is used for personal testing and requires manual linking to form a network, you need to manually link to form a network, it can be started with the parameter --dev. This is the environment in which I tried SERO.

AlphaNet is the internal test network of the SERO team. It is started with the --alpha parameter and user can be added to this network, but basically it is not necessary.

BetaNet is a community public beta network that uses the POW consensus. It is said that the SERO coins mined in BetaNet will be mapped into MainNet one by one. However, mining in this network requires a test license from the mail gordon@sero.vip. I sent out a test application and hope to pass the review as soon as possible.

MainNet is the main network and will be launched next year. According to the white paper, the POW consensus will be replaced by the SE-Random consensus. The description of this algorithm in the white paper is almost the same as Algorand. As for whether the ideal 3000 TPS can be achieved, it can only be seen how SERO was implemented at that time. However, for anonymous coins, whether TPS is high enough is not my biggest concern. I am more concerned about whether it can satisfy most application scenarios.

Reference


[Website] https://sero.cash
[White paper V1.0.6] http://sero-media.s3-website-ap-southeast-
1.amazonaws.com/Sero_ENG_V1.06.pdf

[Source code] https://github.com/sero-cash/go-sero
[SERO Blockchain Browser] https://explorer.web.sero.cash/blocks.html
[SERO Smart Contract Editor] https://remix.web.sero.cash/
[SERO Introduction Video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqFUhXskgNg
[SERO vs Zcash Video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bc6yHTLSl5M
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