1. To your first question, yes, the encrypted shared seed begins with the characters "6P".
2. To your second question, the user seed begins with the character "L" and it is 52 characters long.
Great. I
think this should be relative straightforward then, although since I've never used Coinbase vaults myself I can't confirm for certain.
Your key which starts with "L" and is 52 characters long is a compressed private key in the wallet import format (WIF).
Your encrypted shared seed which begins with 6P is an encrypted private key which uses the BIP38 standard. All BIP38 encrypted keys start with 6P. When you decrypt this with your password, it should (hopefully) provide you with a second key which mirrors your other one - starting with "L" and 52 characters long.
The combination of these two private keys alongside the third Coinbase public key should be enough to recover your wallet. We might hit a stumbling block regarding individual addresses or derivation paths, but we can cross that bridge when we get to it.
Next question: What format is the Coinbase public key in? Does it start with something like "xpub" or does it start with "02", "03", or "04"?
For the next steps, you are going to need to start importing these keys in to a wallet or other software. Doing this on a computer with internet access brings risk of your keys being compromised. Do you have a spare computer or laptop which you can disconnect and do the next steps offline?
1. To your first question, the Coinbase public key begins with the characters "xpub"
2. To your second question, yes I do have a spare laptop I can use.
Additionally, if it is of help, see below the vault Coinbase multisig vault wallet configuration information below.
Multisig P2SH addresses: BIP16
HD wallets: BIP32
Seed format: Bitcoin private key in WIF
Seed encryption: BIP 38
Seed to BIP32 wallet: BitcoinJS
Order of pubkeys in P2SH: lexicographical
BIP32 paths: m/n (m/0, m/1, ...)