Since the 8th didn't activate, that means it IS a power issue.
Remember that USB hubs after the 4th port tend to just add another "hub" to the 4th port to give you another three. Since the computer is so old I suspect that the USB ports don't give enough power (despite the power block) to power the ASICS. Not to mention that you should be able to only run 8 on this rig (anyways) since there isn't enough current to power all 10. Each ASIC requires .5 A and 5V for a total of 2.5W. The hub's power supply can give (at max) 4A. This doesn't account for additional current draw from the USB port. Basically to get a ten port HUB you have to use three hubs.
PC USB -> Hub 1 (3 ports available)
Hub 1 port #4 -> Hub 2 (3 ports available)
Hub 2 port #4 -> Hub 3 (4 ports available)
3 + 3 + 4 = 10 ()
Now for a little on the HUB. Remember that when using a HUB the USB ports of the HUB (without power supply) must share the .5A/.9A/1.5 A (in order USB 2.0/3.0/Dedicated charge) across all of the ports. However when you throw a power supply into the mix the amount of available power per port drastically increases. Older motherboards may only give .5A (USB 2.0) which would at best allow you to add in one more device but this is also used to power the additional "hubs" to get more ports.
What confirms this is a power issue IS that it works on a newer rig. Many new motherboards and systems have what's called "dedicated charge" ports along with USB 3.0. With the move to USB 3.0 the total current draw was increased to 900mA and dedicated charge ports are rated up to 1500mA. However, on an XP machine I doubt that you have USB 3.0, most likely (99.99% chance here it's) USB 2.0. USB 2.0 is rated at 500mA maximum, not counting dedicated charge ports which on an XP era machine were RARE (usually a different colored port to check-> yellow/blue as red indicated eSATA/USB combo). With the additional .5A you *could* run 9 ASICs but that's NOT taking into account the power that the hubs require, which is probably around .5A since you can't use more than 7 ASICs on the XP machine.
On the newer rigs USB 3.0 ports tend to put out around .9-1.5A (if dedicated charge) so people can charge tables and such without having to use a wall outlet. So if we add 1.5 A (i3) + 4 A(hub) = 5.5A/.5A (per device) = 11 devices on a dedicated charge port. However, even if we use the .9A that's 4.9A which gives you ~9.8 ASICs powered. Since we know that the hub uses ~.5A you still have enough room to power the 9th device (with some wiggle) on a .9A port and 10 on the 1.5A but NOT enough to power a 10th/11th accordingly (I know the hub is 10 it's just a part of the explanation). Normally I'd say use one less than the max possible (available Amps / .5A) but since you have to subtract 1 device (or .5A) to account for the HUB this is taken care of for you since in most configurations you'll have MORE than the needed power for MAX-1 ASICs but not enough to fully power the last (-1) ASIC.
So, this can't be a driver issue or Hub issue since 7 of the ASICs work and this shows that Windows XP is detecting the devices since if it was a driver issue NONE of them would work. Because the 8th just doesn't do anything, it tells me that the older USB port just can't provide enough power to run the additional device.
As for your question about testing, unfortunately manufacturers are greedy and like to cut corners. If they reduce the power to a USB port (or use the absolute minimum) they can reduce some heat that goes through the system (along with wasted power). They also like to include power supplies that *just* barely have enough power to power the system under load (sometimes not even that). So it's going to be hit or miss on this.
I'd recommend trying to find a mid-2011 mac mini (obviously used) since in 2011 Apple implemented 1.5A per port so you could charge your i-devices without issue. Currently I am running 36 ASICs off of two ports, daisy chaining the hubs a bit (7 port hubs) to give me enough connections and it's been running smoothly (with no hiccups) for about a month now. However, I do have enough USB ports to add in 10 more ASICs but since the power supply is only 3A I can run at max 6 (but the 6th doesn't have enough power since I have to daisy chain to power so many on this rig) so I'm only able to run 5 per HUB.
So while I'd love to tell you that this is a driver issue and windows XP is just not doing it right, this really is a power issue. Go buy another USB hub and save yourself the headache.