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研究称患癌多数因运气不好 遗传或环境影响较小
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研究称患癌多数因运气不好 遗传或环境影响较小
March 25, 2017, 07:31:50 AM
#1
美国约翰斯·霍普金斯大学研究人员曾在两年前发表论文说,多数癌症发病要怪“坏运气”,遗传和环境因素影响相对较小。这一结论在科学界引起巨大争议。如今,该校研究人员经进一步分析再次报告说,多数癌症发病确实是因为运气不好。
干细胞分裂时
出现错误
这项于23日发表在美国《科学》杂志上的新研究称,近三分之二的癌症基因突变可归咎于健康细胞在分裂过程中发生的DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)复制随机错误,而不是遗传基因或环境因素。
“正常细胞每次分裂时,都会发生几个错误或者说突变。这些突变大多数时候不会造成伤害,因为它们发生在垃圾DNA上、与癌症无关的基因上或者不重要的区域。这是通常情况,按我们的说法这就是好运气,”研究报告作者、约翰斯·霍普金斯大学肿瘤学教授贝尔特·福格尔斯坦在华盛顿举行的记者会上说。“但它们偶然发生在癌症驱动基因上,这就是坏运气。”
福格尔斯坦等人2015年1月在《科学》杂志上发表文章称,人体组织的癌症风险差异可以用干细胞分裂时出现的错误,即所谓“坏运气”来进行解释,三分之二的癌症基因突变是“坏运气”的结果,另三分之一归因于遗传和环境因素。
不同观点认为癌症
仍可预防
这一结论随即引起极大争议。许多科学家批评说,该研究完全基于美国癌症患者,没有纳入乳腺癌与前列腺癌两种常见癌症,且严重低估癌症预防的作用,是一种“危险的误导”。
最新研究中,福格尔斯坦等人基于423个国际癌症数据库,利用数学模型分析了全球近70个国家人群干细胞分裂与癌症风险之间的关系。这些国家的人口总计达48亿,约占全球总人口的三分之二。结果显示,癌症风险和干细胞分裂之间存在强相关性。这种关联具有普遍性,并非仅适用于美国。
例如,胰腺癌77%的突变可归因于DNA复制随机错误,18%为吸烟等环境因素,只有5%是遗传因素;肺癌的情况则大不一样,65%的突变归因于环境因素,其中主要是吸烟,35%是DNA复制随机错误,而遗传因素没有影响。
“成百上千万人过着几近完美的生活方式,不吸烟、晒太阳前擦防晒霜、饮食健康、经常锻炼,做了我们认为可以防癌的一切事情,但他们还是患上癌症。我们希望这项研究能为这些患者带来安慰。”福格尔斯坦说。“他们需要知道不管他们做了什么,癌症还是可能会发生。”
《科学》杂志配发的一篇评论文章说,预计有关癌症“坏运气”理论的争论还会继续下去。还有专家认为,这项研究并不意味着否认通过改善环境和生活方式预防癌症的重要性,英国癌症研究会就认为,42%的癌症病例可以预防。
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