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中國象棋的「楚河漢界」由來
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Topic: 中國象棋的「楚河漢界」由來 (Read 196 times)
deltagod
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中國象棋的「楚河漢界」由來
September 04, 2017, 01:41:26 PM
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中國象棋的「楚河漢界」由來
中國象棋中的「楚河漢界」,據說就是從這場爭鬥中演變而來的。
楚漢之爭是秦末劉邦和項羽為爭奪封建統治權而進行的一場角逐。秦朝末年,伴隨著陳勝、吳廣領導的農民大起義,也出現許多反秦武裝集團。其中,項羽和劉邦就是兩支主要力量。
項羽原是楚國的舊貴族。公元前209年9月,他跟叔父項梁,響應陳勝、吳廣起義,殺死會稽太守,在吳(江蘇蘇州)舉行起義,隊伍發展到8000餘人劉邦早年做過沛縣亭長,在蕭何、曹參等人支持下,殺死沛令,自立為沛公,集聚了起義者3000多人。陳勝、吳廣的主力軍失敗後,部下召平渡江與項梁取得聯繫,用陳勝的名義拜項梁為楚王上柱國。項梁率領8000人渡江,和陳嬰、英布等人起義軍會合,到下邳時隊伍發展到7萬人。不久,呂臣的義軍和劉邦的隊伍也前來會合。項梁等人為了號召群眾,共立楚懷王的孫子心為楚王,仍號楚懷王。
公元前208年,在東阿(今山東陽谷東北)交戰,打敗秦軍,接著轉攻定陶(山東定陶)又取得勝利。項羽和劉邦率領的另一支起義軍也連破秦軍於雍丘(河南杞縣),斬秦將朱由。項梁被勝利衝昏頭腦,放鬆了戒備。秦將章邯夜襲定陶,項梁戰死。章邯得勝之後,又擊破魏、齊等割據勢力,然後渡黃河北上擊趙,大破趙軍於邯鄲。接著,他以重兵包圍巨鹿(河北平鄉縣)。楚懷王派宋義為上將軍,項羽為次將,率7萬人救趙。宋義到安陽(山東曹縣東)後,飲酒作樂,46天未進兵。項羽憤殺宋義,率義軍渡河破章邯軍。項羽令義軍「破釜沉舟」,每人只帶3天口糧,表示決一死戰。項羽軍渡河後,先打敗章邯的軍隊,又進攻王離的軍隊。雙方在巨鹿大戰9天。農民起義軍英勇殺敵,每個戰士無不以一當十,喊殺聲驚天動地,使秦軍驚恐萬狀,王離被俘,農民軍取得重大勝利。巨鹿之戰基本摧毀了秦軍的主力軍,扭轉了整個戰局。章邯走投無路,率20萬秦軍投降了項羽。
正當項羽北上救趙時,劉邦帶領一支起義軍西向擊秦。由於秦兵在黃河以南較少,劉邦又採取了避實擊虛的戰略,迂迴曲折地向咸陽進軍。公元前207年8月,大破武關,進兵藍田,取得節節勝利。這時,秦朝統治集團內部矛盾尖銳化。趙高殺死秦二世,立子嬰為秦王。子嬰又殺趙高。劉邦率軍直撲咸陽,駐兵灞上(西安市南)。秦子嬰無可奈何,捧著玉璽,向農民軍投降。公元前206年,秦王朝的統治結束了。劉邦攻佔咸陽後,想住在這裡。樊噲勸他想得天下,就不要留戀宮中美色財寶。劉邦接受他的意見,還軍灞上,劉邦廢除秦的苛法,又約法三章:「殺人者死,傷人及盜抵罪。」深得秦人擁護。
項羽聽說劉邦先入關中,非常憤怒,率軍攻破函谷關,殺奔咸陽而來。公元前206年12月,項羽軍隊40萬駐紮新豐(陝西臨潼縣東北)鴻門(臨潼縣東項王營)。當時,劉邦軍隊只有10萬人,實力不敵項羽。他聽從張良的意見,親自去鴻門拜會項羽。劉邦向項羽故意請罪,卑辭言好。項羽設宴招待劉邦。項羽的謀士范增想乘機殺掉劉邦,就找項莊(項羽從弟,勇士),以表演劍舞,伺機行刺。項羽的叔父項伯從前和張良關繫好,這時見勢不妙,也拔劍伴舞,掩護劉邦。過了一會,劉邦借口上廁所,從小道回到灞上。
「鴻門宴」後,項羽帶兵進入咸陽,殺掉秦王子嬰,燒燬秦的宮殿,自立為西楚霸王。他又封劉邦為漢王,居巴蜀漢中,三分關中。項羽自以為天下無敵,從此可以長做霸主了,於是就帶著從咸陽宮中掠來的財寶、婦女,回到彭城享富貴去了。項羽分封諸侯,大搞任人唯親,這一措施不但不能收拾殘局,反而加劇了分裂。不久,齊將田榮最先起兵反對項羽,自立為齊王。彭越在梁地有1萬多士兵,未得分地,對項羽怨恨,田榮也聯合彭越。陳余對張耳被封常山王不服,聯合田榮趕走張耳,做代王。諸侯混戰再次爆發。
被項羽逼處巴蜀漢中一隅的劉邦,採納蕭何的策略,在漢中招攬人才,治理巴蜀作根據地。公元前206年五月,項羽前去攻打田榮。劉邦趁機出兵,1月內佔領全部關中。接著向東挺進,直搗項羽的老窩彭城。楚漢戰爭爆發了。公元前206年至公元前202年,劉邦和項羽苦戰了5年,大戰70餘次,小戰40餘次。劉邦在一再失敗之後,逐漸轉為優勢。項羽曾一度提出和劉邦「中分天下」,以鴻溝(河南賈魯河)為界,河東屬於楚,河西屬於漢(象棋盤上的楚河漢界由此而來)。
公元前203年底,劉邦匯合諸將,合圍項羽於垓下(安徽靈璧縣東南),項羽糧食吃光,援兵斷絕。在寒冬的一個夜晚,項羽被圍在一個山頭,看到戰場上旌旗遍野,鼓角齊鳴。項羽在四面楚歌中知道軍心渙散,大勢已去,只好匆匆丟下愛妾虞姬,連夜奪路突圍。天亮以後,劉邦聞訊,立即派5千騎兵追趕。項羽渡過淮河,只剩100多人。漢軍追上,殺得項羽只剩28個殘兵了。項羽跑到烏江邊上,見前面茫茫烏江,後面滾滾追兵,走投無路,拔劍自刎。
公元前202年6月,劉邦統一中國,建立漢朝。劉邦即皇帝位(即漢高祖)。楚漢之爭是由秦末農民戰爭直接演變而來的,但性質卻截然不同。在當時的社會條件下,農民戰爭雖然勝利地推翻了舊的封建王朝,但曾經是農民戰爭領袖的劉邦和項羽,卻不得不走封建統治的老路,遂轉變為封建統治權的角逐者。在這場角逐中,項羽具有強烈的舊貴族意識,不善於用人,不能重建統一王朝。劉邦知人善任,因勢利導,終於戰勝了項羽,登上了西漢皇帝的寶座。
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