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房产继承公证,不妨变“公证制”为“声明公告制”
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Topic: 房产继承公证,不妨变“公证制”为“声明公告制” (Read 94 times)
wingsking
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房产继承公证,不妨变“公证制”为“声明公告制”
December 27, 2017, 02:31:33 AM
#1
家人都去世后,自家一套尚未发放的安置房,市民张铁成却迟迟无法拥有。他为此提起行政诉讼,但一审败诉。12月20日,北京市一中院二审撤销原审判决,判令门头沟区政府房屋征收办公室和龙泉镇政府交房。(12月21日《新京报》)
讼争的缘起,说来也简单。房产是张铁成父母的,张铁成外公外婆有继承份额,但两位老人均已过世。这部分继承份额,张铁成的舅舅阿姨可以代位继承,但两人因早已与张铁成家失去联系,无法前来签字,所以公证处拒绝为张铁成出具继承权公证书,房屋征收办公室也因此拒绝交房,引发张铁成提起行政诉讼。
还有比张铁成更极端的案例。去年曾有媒体报道,郑州一八旬老人想卖掉一套房,被要求作“亡夫无私生子”及“丈夫的父母去世、自己无再婚”等方面的证明;宜昌一七旬老人想把父母房产过户到自己名下,被要求为离世百余年的祖父母开“死亡证明”。
凡此种种,无不暴露出继承权公证机制之失:机械教条,不符实际。
其一,根据顺位继承原则,遗产继承通常只在具有共同生活关系的夫妻、有抚养(赡养)关系的父(母)子(女)——即家庭内部成员之间进行,只要相关人员存在,就不会旁涉他人。哪怕张铁成真找来舅舅、阿姨,通常也不过得一纸“同意”、“认可”而已,那又何必多此一举,僵化地把旁系亲戚的“同意”、“认可”作为顺利继承的前置条件呢?
其二,相关部门要求继承人开具种种几乎无法开到的证明,暗含“有罪推定”思维,无非意在防范其向可能存在的其他继承人隐瞒信息,进而独吞房产。可是,所谓“谁主张,谁举证”,相关部门若有此怀疑,那也应该自己去调查取证,又怎能把举证责任转嫁给相关市民,要其逐个开证明来“自证清白”呢?
其三,法定继承中,房产继承权的确认,并非只有公证这“华山一条路”。房产继承登记需作公证,源自1991年司法部、建设部《关于房产登记管理中加强公证的联合通知》。但该通知不仅于2014年被最高法以发布案例指导的形式认为无效,而且,2016年也已为司法部正式废止。在这种情况下,房产继承权公证,不该是强制性、唯一性的选择。
在今天,房产继承权公证机制,有必要向声明公告机制转型,至少也该把声明公告机制作为公证机制的一个补充。亦即,可由相关继承人登报做个房产继承的声明公告,如过了公告期无人持异议,那就直接交房过户。此次,法院二审判决中提出:“如果事后出现新的证据,能够证明还存在其他法定继承人,则该法定继承人也有权向张铁成主张涉案安置房屋的相关权利,有权与张铁成共同分割该部分权益”,就是上述观点的体现。
实行继承权声明公告机制的好处,一是可以给当事人节省费用。房产继承权的公证费,往往是房产价值的1%至2%,以百万元的房产论,公证费动辄数万元,对当事人来说是一笔不小的开支。二是能避免“公证难”成为当事人继承房产的阻碍,避免司法资源与社会资源的无谓靡费。
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