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公布性侵犯罪人信息无关侵犯隐私权
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Topic: 公布性侵犯罪人信息无关侵犯隐私权 (Read 92 times)
intelum
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公布性侵犯罪人信息无关侵犯隐私权
December 29, 2017, 02:52:05 AM
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据新京报报道,12月1日,江苏省淮安市淮阴区法院对4名强奸、猥亵未成年人的被告人进行宣判。根据由淮阴区9家单位发布的《关于性侵未成年人犯罪人员从业禁止及信息公开制度》规定,在刑事判决生效一个月后,4名被告人的个人信息将通过司法机关的门户网站、微信公众号、微博等渠道向社会进行公开,并被禁止从事与未成年人密切接触的工作,此举在江苏省尚属首次。
公布性侵者信息争议在是否侵犯其隐私
这一做法立即引起不小的争议。支持者表示此举可以起到震慑犯罪分子,有利民众预防的作用。反对者则认为,这种做法侵犯了犯罪人的隐私,且这样做没有法律依据,甚至是“用违法犯罪的方式执法”。实际上,争论的核心就在于要在保障人权(如犯罪人的隐私权)和防卫社会(尤其是预防未成年人被害)之间寻找适当的平衡点。
此次江苏淮安的做法无疑与近年来性侵儿童等未成年人的罪案多发有关。有调查显示,2016年平均每天被曝光的性侵儿童案竟然有1.21起。调查还显示,在2016年公开报道的性侵儿童案中,熟人作案占总数的69.28%,作案者多次实施性侵的占比高达62.12%,一人对多名儿童实施性侵害的占14.09%。
各国实践也早已证明,性侵犯罪人具有改造难、再犯率高等特点,他们被假释或者刑满释放后仍然潜藏着一定的危险性,需要特别预防。上个世纪九十年代美国国会通过的《梅根法案》,强制所有州制定法律,要求性侵犯者假释或刑满出狱后,必须向警方登记住所,并公布给社区知悉,也是基于这样的原因。
所以,从预防犯罪的角度看,公布性侵未成年人的犯罪人信息有利于民众有针对性地提高警惕,加强防范意识,减少被害可能性。事实上,此前我国浙江、上海等地的一些市、区也有过类似的探索。
并非所有人隐私权都受保护
就个人权利而言,的确,我国《民法总则》规定了自然人享有隐私权等权利;自然人的个人信息受法律保护。法律要求依法取得并确保信息安全,不得非法收集、使用、加工、传输他人个人信息,不得非法买卖、提供或者公开他人个人信息。
犯罪人的姓名、身份证号码、照片等固然属于涉及个人隐私的资料,但司法机关的做法,是在判决书公开的基础上进一步公开犯罪人的信息。这些资料对于犯罪人来说是隐私,但对于民众自我防卫而言,却是需要知晓的信息。
隐私一旦上升为一种法律保护的权利,就应该具有普遍的道德基础和价值支撑。性犯罪的经历更不能成为被保护的对象。所以,不是所有本人不愿意公开的信息,都能一律纳入隐私权利保护的范畴。
近期,一则“上海静安寺同一个人两年内被一个老色狼猥亵三次”的文章引发网络热议。微博用户“巴西徐老师”以亲身经历写了这篇文章,并将猥亵者的照片曝光。在文章发布后,评论里竟发现了100多个被同一老色狼猥亵过的受害者,该猥亵者的行为可能已持续了十多年,真相让人咂舌。
而也有人指责“巴西徐老师”曝光照片的行为是对老人隐私权的侵犯。问题是,这位老者的猥亵行为(惯用手法:摸下体、摸屁股、袭胸)即使不能认定为猥亵犯罪,但其行为持续时间长、受害者数量多,对其活动区域的女性来说就是一大威胁。如果能早点曝光其照片与行径,势必有利于该区域的女性提高警惕,预防被袭。
当然,对于性侵犯罪人的个人信息以及犯罪史,从官方公布相关信息,再到本人有义务到住所地报到登记,以及民众如何获得相关信息,都有一个法制宣传和制度建设的过程,这一做法如何发展期待进一步的实践和探索。
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