1) What might happen on the off chance that one endeavors to send a measure of coins to an IP address that isn't running the program?
2) What might happen on the off chance that one endeavors to send a measure of coins to an invalid Bitcoin Address?
3) What might happen on the off chance that one endeavors to send a measure of coins to a Bitcoin Address that no one claims?
I thank answerers for extending my insight.
1. By nature, it wouldn't happen since the outdated node wouldn't have any copy of the previous transactions that builds the chain. Once the transaction is broadcasted to the network, it will be picked up by an up-to-date node and miners will then pick it up if it suffices their terms on which transactions to pick.
2. The coins are technically lost forever, no doubt about that. There are no ifs or anything, just bitcoins helping bitcoin achieve a state of scarcity.
3. What do you mean by 'no one claims?' By default, there are 2^160 possible bitcoin addresses that can be produced, and it's quite impossible to be exhausted even within the generations to come. The scenario in which you are picturing is quite improbable to happen, and bitcoin address creation follows a certain algorithm that it's quite tricky for a person to mix and match numbers and letters to obtain an address that is yet to be generated.
EDIT: For those who are more into the technical side of bitcoin, kindly correct me if I'm wrong. Thanks!