It would be better if you also cite the article you have read since those terms could open up many terminologies, or simply just a buzzword.
Actually the answers to his question can simply be googled or look for close answer from the same topic since this is a just a description basis when it comes to explanation.
Pertaining to scalable blockchain layer 1 it about how efficient the layer1 you are using. By means of scalable is a broad topic whereas some exhibit a huge difficulty when it comes to scalability.