Can it be "technically" (I have to stress, I am not accusing any legit pool out there actually doing so) done that say:
1. 1000 miners point there miners towards "Axx-Pool" with say 1 TH/s each; thus total hashing power should be 1 PH/s on the pool;
2. The Axx-Pool then show 1 TH/s on each miner's dashboard and graph and all the fancy stuff;
3. The Axx-Pool somehow, say, mine with these 1 PH/s on a "load-balance" strategy, with say 95% towards the publicly known address of the Axx-Pool, and 5% to a secret "Private-Axx-Pool" and keep that part?
Both Stratum and GBT provide the miner with the complete coinbase transaction, which means you can audit exactly what address(es) are getting paid by the work you're completing. That doesn't mean a bad pool can't still be filtering off hashrate, but they could not do it in complete secrecy. It only takes one user paying attention to reveal the theft if it was happening.