I'm going to assume you downloaded the bitcoin core source to /home/user/bitcoin0.12.1, your db4.8 includes are at /usr/include/db48 and your db4.8 libs are at /usr/lib/db48. As such, you would execute the following:
cd /home/user/bitcoin0.12.1
./autogen.sh
./configure LDFLAGS="-L/usr/lib/db48" CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/include/db48"
make
As to your second issue, I don't typically build with QT support, sorry.
Hope this helps.