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中国龙卷风灾害:重视度低,防灾教育形同虚设
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Topic: 中国龙卷风灾害:重视度低,防灾教育形同虚设 (Read 198 times)
healtheworld
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中国龙卷风灾害:重视度低,防灾教育形同虚设
October 16, 2016, 01:34:58 PM
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6月23日,江苏省盐城市遭遇龙卷风恶劣天气袭击,此次灾情共造成99人死亡,846人受伤,其中盐城市下辖的阜宁、射阳两县损失最严重,倒塌损坏房屋8000余间,救灾抢险工作仍在紧张的进行中。
这并不是盐城首次遭遇龙卷风灾害的袭击。盐城在1966年就遇到过伤亡惨重的龙卷风灾害,当时造成87人死亡,倒损房屋多达48万间。湖北、河北、陕西、湖南和上海等省市在1955年后也陆续遭遇过特大龙卷风灾害,损失惨重。根据改良藤田级数对龙卷风级别的分类来看,造成重大人员伤亡的多是EF3级以上的龙卷风。
除了盐城之外,整个江苏省其实对龙卷风灾害并不陌生。自1985年以来,江苏省有至少255人因为龙卷风灾死去。根据中国天气网的数据统计,在1991年至2014年间,江苏省年均遭遇5.5次龙卷风灾害,为全国最多,广东省和湖北省分别以4.8次和2.5次居于第二、第三。此外,根据学术期刊《气象》的研究显示,江苏省在1961年至2010年间共遭遇EF2级以上的龙卷风36次,远远超过湖北省的15次。
相比其他自然灾害,龙卷风在中国发生频率不算太高,这也导致龙卷风灾害在防灾减灾方面受到的重视不够,没有单独的预警机制,被归于气象灾害预警当中。在目前的技术水平下,龙卷风无法预报,只能预警,虽然准确率有限,但是提前预警可以为民众争取一定的躲避时间。然而即使是在龙卷风高发区的江苏,气象灾害预警制度也够不完善。以本次盐城风灾为例,阜宁当地其实有一套事前发送短信预警的系统,但是大多数灾民居住在农村地区,其中很多是留守在家的老年人和小孩,手机使用率和对短信的关注度都不高,所以很多人没有收到预警信息。相比之下,龙卷风高发的美国预警机制要完善得多。除了电视、网络媒体等渠道,市民常被建议购买NOAA收音机,这样生活在偏远地区的居民也可以通过广播在龙卷风灾害发生的前10-15分钟受到预警信息。而且这种收音机就算处于关闭状态,一旦接收到危险天气预警信息能够自动开启播放。
根据加拿大环境部门的数据,直接被龙卷风吹翻致死的概率为1200万分之1 ,多数伤亡是因为人被龙卷风吹倒的建筑物压到或者砸到造成的,而防灾知识很大程度上可以帮助减少人员伤亡。虽然中国的救灾能力在经历过多次大型自然灾害后有了较大的提升,但是防灾教育依然落后。中国扶贫基金会2015年对中国公众的防灾意识进行了调查,结果显示仅有24.3%的城市居民表示关注灾害应对的相关知识,这一数据在农村仅为11%。此外,只有不到 4%的城市居民在日常生活中做到了基本的防灾准备,超过半数的农村居民从未参加过任何灾害培训。形同虚设的防灾教育无法提高民众的自救能力,等到灾难发生后才开始组织学习,逝去的生命已经无法挽回。
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