The short answer is no... the passphrase is used to encrypt the wallet as a whole, so all addresses in a wallet are effectively secured by the same passphrase.
If you wanted to use different passphrases, you could try a bit of a "hack"... If you use the latest Bitcoin Core (0.15+) you are able to use multiple wallets at the same time... so you could use one address from each wallet, and use different passphrases on each wallet.
Thanks. How to use multiple addresses? Is there a documentation somewhere about this?