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零知识区块链如何帮助欧洲完成对四大科技巨头GAFA的征税
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零知识区块链如何帮助欧洲完成对四大科技巨头GAFA的征税
December 26, 2017, 03:07:42 PM
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暴走时评:过去十年来,对四大科技巨头GAFA(谷歌、苹果、脸书及亚马逊)的税收问题一直以来都是欧洲国家所面临的一大挑战,这些公司共计数百亿欧元的收入悄无声息地逃脱了税收义务。然而直到现在欧洲领导人也并未就统一GAFA的税率达成一致,这不仅是政治问题,也是技术问题。而现在,将区块链最大的优势——去中心化的信息共享——与零知识证明属性相结合的零知识区块链就能够在保证各国财政信息机密性的前提下,切实可行地汇总这些国际公司的全球税率。
翻译:Clover
巨大挑战。在过去十年中,欧盟地区有数百亿欧元悄无声息地逃脱了税收的义务。比方说,人们可能会记得,谷歌最近被认为由于欧盟赋予的“过分特权”而欠爱尔兰130亿欧元。当了解到爱彼迎2016年在法国支付了不到93000欧元的税款,而其预计利润额却达到了1.2亿欧元(这就相当于每百万利润税收不到775欧元)的时候,也会让我们惊愕得说不出话来。
在塔林数字峰会(Tallin Digital Summit)期间,欧洲领导人并未就统一GAFA的税率达成一致。一些欧洲国家(例如卢森堡、爱尔兰…)不支持法国经济部长Bruno Le Maire主导的法国倡议,逐个国家地根据公司的年收入进行征税。尽管如此,这仍旧不仅仅是政治上的分歧,还是一个技术问题。
事实上,即使这一概念在理论上来讲十分具有吸引力,但其实际执行上却存在很大的不确定性。因为实际上,这就意味着需要在整个欧洲的层面上创建一个通用的税收基准,而这就是一项挑战。首先,需要进行数月的讨论(在最好的情况下)达成政治上的共识。欧洲各国会因失去其财政主权而犹豫不决。其次就是应用这一解决方案的内在困难:考虑统一数据流或同步财政日历所带来的问题。接下来对安全性要求的考量。那么怎么可能认为,这样一个揭示GAFA在不同国家的年收入、包括所有随附财政信息在内的解决方案,不会吸引黑客的注意,甚至不会导致财政信息的泄露呢?
总而言之,要使这一想法变得更加具体,需要极强的意志力和独创性。即使是以极快的速度发展,也需要很多年才能运作实施。明确说来就是:要让财政结构优化的支持者GAFA去适应他们的战略可能会需要花费更多的时间。
选择这条路就相当于进入了死胡同。面对GAFA最糟糕的情况就是,我们最终会得到一个欧洲税收的“马奇诺防线(Maginot)”:投入巨大的精力来建造一个这样的设施,在其终于准备就绪的时候却发现它毫无价值。
那么如果你发现现在可以使用一种更快速、成本更少的解决方案,而且这种解决方案一样可靠且完全去中心化又怎么样呢?此外,这种解决方案还能够满足所有预期,而且无需任何欧洲国家透露或者共享其财政数据呢?而且,这种解决方案不需要任何一方面对主权的挑战呢?
这正是被称为“零知识区块链”这一特定形式区块链所能够发挥的作用。零知识区块链将区块链最大的优势——去中心化的信息共享——与零知识证明属性相结合,以保护机密数据。
具体而言,这项技术将允许在不泄露财政信息的情况下,在整个欧洲层面汇总这些国际公司的全球税率,同时又能保持每个国家的机密性。无需税收结果:现在就可以在整个欧洲的层面上来评估GAFA的全球纳税能力,并相应的采取行动。通过在欧洲层面引入综合财政指标,技术就可以适当地促进有关税收的民主辩论。
技术幻想?当然不是!证书及信誉的分布式管理、合作伙伴的运营风险管理、对供应链效率的深入了解:在愿意实时共享信息而不泄漏任何数据的生态系统中已经构建出了这种类型的解决方案,欧美主要银行、领先的工业企业目前正在对这项技术进行测试并使其切实可行。
通过财政和技术上的灵活性,就能够对GAFA以其人之道还治其人之身。
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