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欧洲离“欧洲合众国”还有多远
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Topic: 欧洲离“欧洲合众国”还有多远 (Read 67 times)
onethefo
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欧洲离“欧洲合众国”还有多远
December 27, 2017, 02:39:20 AM
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2017年12月初,一则关于德国的爆款新闻刷遍网络:德国社会民主党领导人马丁·舒尔茨希望建立“欧洲合众国”。
事实上,这则消息的最初来源是德国大选后第一届社会民主党联邦党代会。本次党代会吸引了广泛的舆论关注,不仅是由于社民党的态度决定了德国红黑组阁谈判,而且是因为2017欧洲大选年各国的建制内左派普遍节节败退,使得这个欧洲最有势力的左翼政党的表态至关重要。
舒尔茨所谓的“欧洲合众国”的讲法赢得世界舆论关注,除了这确实是一则事关整个欧盟的大新闻之外,在某些情况下也让人想起曾经的“第三帝国”,甚至有人说,希特勒想做而没做成的事,舒尔茨将要做了。
不过,我们首先要明确概念。舒尔茨的设想被现场的德文媒体概括为“Vereinigten Staaten”。懂德语且有一定敏感度的人能发现,此处用词和“美利坚合众国”相同。既不是“法兰西共和国”式的“共和国”,也不是“德意志联邦共和国”式的“联邦共和国”。三种体制的区别很多,但最大的区别在于“合众国”的松散结构:各“成员国”除共同宪法、外交和军事之外,在行政、文化、社会、经济等方面享有高度自主权。
德文媒体的讲法很快被其他各国媒体引用,在二次传播的过程中不乏误传为“欧洲共和国”。当然,以当今状况为参照,即便是“欧洲合众国”也是非常激进的想法了。
其次,值得仔细推敲的是内容。所谓的“欧洲合众国”的讲法,是舒尔茨在党代会第一天提出的。他的原文是这样的:“欧盟……是我们生存的保证,因为它是我们对抗竞争至上主义的唯一机会。”
什么是竞争至上主义呢?它指的是由资本主义全球化带来的新自由主义经济。在欧洲左派的设想里,这损害了社会公正和团结。因此应该团结起来,建立“和平的欧洲、人民的欧洲、生活共同体的欧洲”——这是舒尔茨式“欧洲合众国”设想的真正内涵。
在阐发其“欧洲设想”时,舒尔茨多次诉诸20世纪30年代至50年代末的“海德堡纲领”。该纲领的出发点是,在承认欧洲各国的银行业、商业、工业资本终将转化为金融资本,最终演变为跨国资本大鳄的“组织化资本主义”的社会环境的前提下,通过和平方式实现社会主义。在此背景下,纲领里的社民党对“欧洲合众国”想法是这样提出的:“(我们)致力于由于经济原因而变得紧迫的欧洲经济共同体的诞生,致力于欧洲合众国的建立,这是为了达到各大洲人民的一致利益。”
细究之下可以看出两点:一是“欧洲合众国”的讲法是从“海德堡纲领”而来的拿来主义;二是其核心在于经济和社会团结,而不在政治野心。
“欧洲合众国”在现实层面上有多少成功的可能呢?
也许正在进行的欧盟峰会就是一个很好的参照:12月14日晚,欧盟就共同防御达成了新的协议。此后,法国总统马克龙执着于欧元区共同经济问题。如果他的提议完全实现,那就意味着欧元区需要有一个经济部长,然而,这甚至无法得到代行德国经济部长的阿特迈尔的支持。
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