How do Layer 1 protocols like Ethereum and Bitcoin differ from Layer 2 solutions such as the Lightning Network or Optimistic Rollups? What are the unique challenges and advantages of each, and how do they impact scalability, security, and user experience in the blockchain ecosystem?
specifically mentioning scalabilty, security and user experience shows you have an idea
So I see no reason why such question was asked.
Layer 1 as you might have known or has been answered already are more secured compared to Layer 2 not just because Layer 2 is reliant on L1 but because they introduce new risk like
Unlike L1 that can be stored in a cold wallet, Layer 2 can only be stored in Hot wallets.
L2 also requires continuous monitoring during transaction to prevent fraudulent acts.
L2 are inherently more decentralized and less Complex but trade this off for Poor scalabilty.
This is where and why L2 were created.
P. S L1 here is Bitcoin and L2 is Lightning network, not quite conversant with the Ethereum Blockchain.