If the external SSD were the problem, how could it work flawlessly in the super powerful machine and fail in the not so powerful machine? This points me to think about something else.
You could have a problem with reliable enough power delivery via USB on your less powerful device. Allthough, when Samsung says that a T7 can operate with as little as 0.5A/5V, it doesn't really hint to a power issue.
Have you tried different USB ports on your "potato" computer?
You used the same USB-cable to connect the T7 to both machines?
If your Samsung T7 2TB works without issues on your "super" powerful machine, I would conclude there's no immediate internal issue with the T7. When on the other hand you get corruption of data on your T7 on your "less" powerful machine, I would conclude it has something to do with this particular computer (assuming both run the same OS to exclude variables), whatever it is.
As you don't seem to disconnect the T7 prematurely, it must be something else that separates both machines.
Not sure how to detect this. I would assume that a Linux system would log issues that USB devices exhibit or report, but I don't know what specifically to search for and in which log file. There might also be a way to arm the USB subsystem to be more verbose for debugging such an issue. But I don't know how myself.
Maybe you ask in a more Linux specific forum how to tackle such potential USB issues.
Are you 100% sure, you use a USB3 port on your less powerful machine to connect the T7? According to Samsung even USB2 would be fine, but that's at the very limit of USB2, despite it's dog-slow compared to a decent USB3 connection (USB3.2 recommended for a T7).
