At some point he updated ledger live (browser extension?) and it turns out that his token is no longer supported by ledger nano s.
It had to do with ledger nano s being too old.
Is this possible?
Yeah, it is possible. Tokens are evolving through various mechanisms, such as changes in their smart contracts, adjustments to their parameters via governance procedures, hard forks with protocol updates
ADA is a prominent example here, etc... As the result, relevant apps are also evolving, which is why the limited memory of the Ledger Nano S can’t accommodate these changes.
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He now believes that access to these tokens, representing an amount of money that most people have to work 1 year for, is permanently lost.
Is this possible?
Nope, it's highly unlikely. He has several options. He can buy one of latest models of Ledger and install updated app, or he can switch to different wallet. That said, tell him not to panic, as his funds are controlled by private keys derived fromt his SEED, rather than by his device or app.