I may be wrong but I was under the impression that the reason was because most of the patents for the chip are owned by european companies (Gemalto aka Gemplus). For example, smartcards with chips in them were being used for phone booths when I visited France in the 1989.
It may be true but those smart cards were already licensed around the world, and the US also uses smartcards in many places (GSM network SIM cards, DirecTV cards, etc). I don't think smart card patents explains it.
Mobile operators in the USA vigorously resisted GSM adoption until many years after it had become a global standard. They continued with their own mobile standards like IS-136 until the late 2000s.
Similarly the US government resisted the use of the european smartcard chips in passports, and insisted on contactless RFID instead, for which they controlled the patents.