A Brief History of Modern Money

[BobK71]

The major ill of the modern world system is the extraction of wealth by the political and financial elites from everyone else, along with financial instability and economic misery flowing in the opposite direction.  The core mechanism that enables this activity is the manipulation of money.  Most Westerners think they live under basically free markets.  On the contrary, all markets are fundamentally driven by the capital markets, which are, at their core, openly manipulated by the elites.

This is also an imperial system that co-opts the population of the current imperial power by giving them a share of the spoils.  As we'll see, each financially inflated imperial power also suffers inevitable decline as the incentives are for its elites to issue too many claims to wealth.  This gradually erodes the confidence in the country's financial assets, and also its strength in all areas.  Eventually, this elite addiction to financial inflation "abandons country" and moves on to the next country that is capable of heading an imperial system.

The Italian Renaissance

This was the one modern period when money was honest and economic progress was great (serving as a counter-example of the argument by modern mainstream economists that money must be 'elastic' and centrally planned to drive economic progress.)  Money was gold and silver coins and credit was judiciously issued (and thus hard to come by, by today's standards.)  The small city-state elites were forced to keep this system stable, because they couldn't possibly hope to contain any capital flight as a result of inflationary policies.  (This latter power of financial repression became possible under the British and American global empires.)

This period must also have opened the eyes of the world to the human potential at real economic progress.  In later periods, it was this progress that frequently "bailed out" the financial inflation of the elites by giving real value to the financial claims they issued.

The Spanish Empire

The 16th century was characterized by Spanish discovery of large quantities of silver and gold in South and Central America.  This flow of money into Europe caused prices to rise considerably, with the Spanish elites being the primary beneficiaries, since they received the free gold and silver first-hand.

Most ominously, the elites still incurred unpayable debt and the country eventually went into decline, even though both empire and economy looked very good for a while.  This suggests that unearned monetary power eventually weakens a country in more ways than one.  You would think the opposite should be true, that free wealth and power should strengthen a country, at least while they last, and shouldn't make a negative impact when they disappear.

The Dutch Golden Age

The Dutch started the use of paper money in the West, but this money was so tightly pegged to precious metals that its stability was never in question.  (In fact, it probably couldn't afford to be anything but totally stable, since a capital flight out of this money, which would have been disasterous to the Dutch elites, was probably still impossible to suppress.)

The main agent of financial inflation was public debt.  This drove the economic growth and imperial success of the "golden age."  When, inevitably, too much debt had been issued, the entire system and country went into decline.  A new friendly relationship with a rising Britain enabled this debt, more or less, to retain its value.  Dutch living standards muddled through until, more than a hundred years after the golden age, the French occupation authorities finally cleaned house by defaulting on this debt. 

Pax Britannia

Britain was the world's first empire of global scale.  The agent of financial inflation, this time, was paper currency.  This time, paper money enjoyed the support from both the colonial system and the 'international gold standard.'  (See note *)  Colonies just happened to perfer holding paper sterling as a store of value for the accumulated wealth due to the labor of their peoples (i.e. central bank reserves.)  Also, after suffering a major financial panic and bout of misery roughly every decade during the first half of the 19th century, Britain was able to convince major countries to move to the gold standard from the silver or bimetallic standard (Germany, France, US.)

This 'international gold standard' served to pool the gold reserves of the core countries of the world system for the purpose of rescuing a country that has issued too much paper to sustain confidence.  Britain itself was found in physical (rather than just psychologicial) need of this rescue facility in 1890.

But the incentives for the elites were, again, to maximize the issue of paper assets.  On the eve of World War I, Britain's gold reserves could only redeem 3% of its total paper issue, at the official price.  And the price was vehemently defended.  Any hint that Britain couldn't or wouldn't redeem at that price would invite indignation from British officials at the moral insult.

After the establishment of the US Federal Reserve in 1913, which enabled the US to take over global money, Britain fought a bloody World War I from 1914 to make sure Germany wouldn't win in Europe.  Let's just say that, objectively, this war took an unfriendly Germany out of the running for global monetary hegemony, and put a friendly US squarely in that position.  Even with a friendly US easing Britain's decline, the pound lost over half of its value against the dollar over the 20th century, and the British economy suffered stagflation over much of that century.

(It's too tempting to omit a supreme irony here: before 1913 the Americans had resolutely resisted having a national central bank, due to their mistrust of bankers and central banks.  It was this very mistrust that ultimately put them in position to be the world's money manager.  The reason was that, lacking a national central bank, the state-bank alliance could only form at the individual-state level.  Individual states lacked the resources to bail out failing banks, so 19th-century US banking was characterized by frequent crises and economic shocks.  This also kept low the public's trust in any part of the financial system, and thus the proportion of precious metals in the circulating money was much higher than in European countries.  When the Fed was formed in 1913, this low level of financial inflation put the country in an enviable position to attract global investments looking for safety.  Gold flowed into the US after World War I, and the country's leading position became indisputable.)

Pax Americana

The American hegemony was characterized by the gradual loss of the formal gold standard as the core mechanism for enriching the elites (see note *), and its replacement by a host of others.  The goal of all these was to support the value of the dollar and US debt.

More than one major factors made it impossible for the elites to hold on to the formal gold standard.  As American elites and Americans continue to benefit from issuing money and debt, what has been holding up confidence in these financial assets?

The answer roughly comes in two broad categories.  Almost without exception, countries enjoying good postwar economic development have been co-opted into supporting the dollar by suppressing the values of their currencies via buying dollars and Treasuries.  At first there was Western Europe and Japan, and lately there are China and others.  The reasons are many and varied, but this mechanism has been so powerful that, often, the US only had to threaten to cheapen the dollar (by indulging in something) to whip other countries into line.  The world is addicted to American consumption, so that it can't get free of it, even if it wants to.

Wars provide another leverage for American elites to strengthen the US financial position.  World War I left the US as the obvious leader in financial strength.  World War II gave the US so much leverage that it was able to further dilute the gold standard into even more of a dollar standard at the center of the world system.  The Cold War made West Germany, an economic powerhouse, an enthusiastic supporter of the dollar during the 70s and 80s, in exchange for US military protection.

Taken together, these support systems make for a more troubled world than the British-led system.  Effective (if not conscious) support for dictatorships in the Middle East, China, and elsewhere can't be good for global harmony and equality.  And various forms of financial repression around the world can hardly be relied on to be enduring.

The Future?

The US has made it clear that China won't inherit the world.  With India possibly decades from being able to take over global money, and the perverse incentives at the core of the system constantly weakening faith in US-issued financial assets, how will the political and financial elites stabilize confidence in the meantime?

As mentioned above, the support systems for dollar-related assets must compare poorly against the elegance of the formal gold standard, from the point of view of the elites.  With these systems in place, the price of gold still went through two major moves upward in the 40-odd years since the collapse of the last formally fixed gold price.  For this reason, it's conceivable that the elites will, as a last resort, go back to a formal gold standard, but at a much higher price of gold to provide stability against the total volume of paper assets issued so far.  (Or, possibly use Bitcoin.)

Or, terrorism could become so horrific that it can be used as an excuse to make the next major move in financial repression.  The elites have already made noises that the current holy grail of repression is the banning of cash and non-state-issued monies, and making all money electronic.  The stated goal will be to stop terrorist financing, but the real goal will be to pave the way for negative interest rates.  With negative interest, your bank account will lose money automatically, so there is a powerful incentive to spend or invest your money to stimulate the economy.  Plus, and even better, there won't be overt inflation (since people are losing money, money will remain valuable) and the new money issued by the elites will be powerful.  If there's a public outcry, the elites will open the eyes of the public by explaining what I wrote above, that this has really been happening for centuries, so nothing is new.

They will be correct: nothing will really be new.  Negative rates will be another means of financial repression, that will stabilize the system and prolong the elites' world system a bit more.

Events over the last few years suggest that, of the two possibilities above, we are moving closer to the latter.  The elites have been able to do what it takes to protect the value of the dollar, i.e. acting in the direction of tightening the supply of dollars but without yet provoking an 'unacceptable' level of protest in the Western polity.  Objectively, this will lessen the likelihood of another financial bubble and bust in the near future, but will increase economic and social pressure on the most vulnerable populations of the world.  Similar to the Great Depression-World War II period, the resulting misery might bring some truly evil characters to power, and with them, conflict of a much more sinister nature.

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Note * We note here that the true nature of metallic standards was a very efficient means of financial repression.  The state's commitment to buy paper money with gold or silver at a fixed price made it unattractive for savers to hold precious metals, as opposed to interest-earning bank deposits and other assets based on paper money.  From the elites' point of view, this must have been so far superior to the disjointed ad hoc schemes constructed today to support fiat money that, despite being overwhelmingly disapproved of by today's mainstream economists, historically, gold standards were abandoned only when the authorities were about to run out of gold due to a crisis of confidence.  (It should also be noted that during the gold standard era, mainstream economists were overwhelmingly in favor of that system on economic grounds.  That voice also happened to be what the elites wanted to hear, at that time.)

[Marbit]

Bitcoin is great if you need to send money overseas or want to buy something online. There are hundreds of thousands of merchants that accept Bitcoin around the world, and because the fees are so low, you can often get great discounts when you choose to pay with Bitcoin instead of your credit card.

[Cybertron00]

Bitcoin is great if you need to send money overseas or want to buy something online. There are hundreds of thousands of merchants that accept Bitcoin around the world, and because the fees are so low, you can often get great discounts when you choose to pay with Bitcoin instead of your credit card.

I agree with you, its easier to pay with bitcoin than paying with credit card or paypal, that makes it easier to buy something online. I hope that in the future many more merchants will accept bitcoin as their payment. 

[Marbit]

n saying that government is the sole issuer of its money, both “government” and “money” are being referred to in specific ways.
Government, in the present context, refers to the ‘consolidated government sector’, which includes the fiscal and monetary authorities. In the US, for instance, the federal government includes the President and Congress at the top of the hierarchy. Congress authorizes taxing and spending measures. Below this level are the Treasury and Federal Reserve (central banking system). These serve, respectively, as the fiscal and monetary agents of Congress.

When the government spends or lends, the monetary authority issues new money. The money issued is of two particular kinds, referred to as ‘currency’ and ‘reserves’.

Currency includes notes and coins. It is the physical money we carry around with us and sometimes use for making purchases. (The term currency is also used to refer more broadly to a particular unit of account, such as the dollar, the yen, the pound and so on. The intended usage is normally made clear by the context.) If the government sends somebody a check, the recipient might take the money to a bank to cash it in. The bank will need currency on hand — notes and coins — to satisfy the customer. Since the only legitimate issuer of currency is the government, the banking system ultimately must obtain it from that source.Government, in the present context, refers to the ‘consolidated government sector’, which includes the fiscal and monetary authorities. In the US, for instance, the federal government includes the President and Congress at the top of the hierarchy. Congress authorizes taxing and spending measures. Below this level are the Treasury and Federal Reserve (central banking system). These serve, respectively, as the fiscal and monetary agents of Congress.

When the government spends or lends, the monetary authority issues new money. The money issued is of two particular kinds, referred to as ‘currency’ and ‘reserves’.

Currency includes notes and coins. It is the physical money we carry around with us and sometimes use for making purchases. (The term currency is also used to refer more broadly to a particular unit of account, such as the dollar, the yen, the pound and so on. The intended usage is normally made clear by the context.) If the government sends somebody a check, the recipient might take the money to a bank to cash it in. The bank will need currency on hand — notes and coins — to satisfy the customer. Since the only legitimate issuer of currency is the government, the banking system ultimately must obtain it from that source.

[hermanhs09]

Nice piece of history in one post. I think the modern economy basically swings like a pendulum between good money and bad money. good money being decentralized money, like gold, silver, even shells at one stage. Bad money, is simply fiat.

And bitcoin is an example of a good money, I'd expect it to be adopted in a mass scale in future.

[BobK71]

...
 Since the only legitimate issuer of currency is the government, the banking system ultimately must obtain it from that source.

For me, it's pretty clear from my original post that the government is far from a morally legitimate issuer of currency.  "Legal" legitimacy is really a circular argument, so I won't write the War and Peace on that.

The behavior of money has been extremely diverse in the history of civilization.  When China finally disavowed state issued money, for centuries, money in circulation consisted solely of unmarked silver ingots that could be weighed and cut on the street.  During 15th century Europe "money" besides physical gold and silver coins consisted of accounting entries of the powerful private banks, an early form of credit money, if you will.

If the history of money shows anything, it is that any "theory of money" is highly suspect, and is usually the intellectual propaganda of the powers that be (who enjoy the privilege of issuing money) through their mouthpiece, the economics profession.  The latter has multiple incentives to work with the elites rather than point out their use of money to receive unearned wealth and power.  The proof in the pudding is that, through the centuries, the elites themselves have changed the "nature of money" several times.

[BobK71]

Nice piece of history in one post. I think the modern economy basically swings like a pendulum between good money and bad money. good money being decentralized money, like gold, silver, even shells at one stage. Bad money, is simply fiat.

And bitcoin is an example of a good money, I'd expect it to be adopted in a mass scale in future.

Thank you.  In my view, the issuance of money is one of the commanding heights of the economy and society (maybe the highest of all.)  As long as the populace is not enlightened enough, this power will fall to the elites who will use it primarily to further their wealth and power.

The difference between the Middle Ages, when money consisted only of physical gold and silver, and modern times is that the modern economy creates enough real economic progress to help prop up the money and debt issued by the elites.

It's possible that modern money swings, as you mention, like a pendulum between hard and soft money.  When too many financial assets have been issued (as is the case today,) the system becomes unstable, and eventually the elites tend to be tired of using various tricks to prop up the assets, and devalue their money against gold or silver.  This stabilizes the system and money has become a lot harder.  But the incentives for the elites are to maximize the issuance of money and debt at this point, so the cycle continues.

[Karolus]

I congratulate the original poster for the thoughtful articles. I'm no winner of the Nobel prize in economics. But if I understand correctly, the poster is arguing against fiat money.

But isn't bitcoin fiat money? Doesn't the bitcoin politburo congregate periodically over frapuccinos in Palo Alto, or wherever, and make decrees about how to code the bitcoin blockchain, ie, the supply of bitcoin? Don't those decrees function as fiats?

I don't see that bitcoin is backed by gold or silver. Bitcoin hasn't been an adequate store of value for people who bought when the price was worth $800, $900, or $1,000. It would appear also that the bitcoin money supply is expansionary.

It doesn't take a fancy macro model for one to reckon that bitcoin is another monetary construct that enriches the elite that manipulates it most effectively. Therefore, I have to disagree with the thesis that global elites might embrace bitcoin as a monetary equivalent to the gold standard.

[oblivi]

Bitcoin is the new gold, this is why it must remain decentralized. Lightning will be like bills from this gold, but this time they are for real and not paper money derived from a supply that a few control.

[BobK71]

I congratulate the original poster for the thoughtful articles. I'm no winner of the Nobel prize in economics. But if I understand correctly, the poster is arguing against fiat money.

But isn't bitcoin fiat money? Doesn't the bitcoin politburo congregate periodically over frapuccinos in Palo Alto, or wherever, and make decrees about how to code the bitcoin blockchain, ie, the supply of bitcoin? Don't those decrees function as fiats?

I don't see that bitcoin is backed by gold or silver. Bitcoin hasn't been an adequate store of value for people who bought when the price was worth $800, $900, or $1,000. It would appear also that the bitcoin money supply is expansionary.

It doesn't take a fancy macro model for one to reckon that bitcoin is another monetary construct that enriches the elite that manipulates it most effectively. Therefore, I have to disagree with the thesis that global elites might embrace bitcoin as a monetary equivalent to the gold standard.

Ultimately, my problem is with the over-reach of state power into money and finance.  We gave the elites a monopoly on violence for the purpose of protecting our lives, our properties, and other universally agreed social values.  They have leveraged that power and expanded into other areas, to further enrich themselves.  The most central of these 'expansions', the one that really enables the others, was into money.

I'm not too familiar with the mechanism for changes to the Bitcoin system.  But Bitcoin's total issuance is capped.  That should take most, if not all, of the power out of the hands of the issuers, whoever they might be.

There's also a fundamental difference between Bitcoin's 'elites' and the conventional elites, who not only control money and debt, but also have power over the rest of social functions.  (In fact, they have each one because they have the other.)

The elites will design their monetary system not based on what is right, but on what will continue to benefit them.  If Bitcoin is perceived as stable enough for their currency to lean against, it is good enough as a candidate for that purpose, if and when they want to do it.

[yayayo]

There's also a fundamental difference between Bitcoin's 'elites' and the conventional elites, who not only control money and debt, but also have power over the rest of social functions.  (In fact, they have each one because they have the other.)

The elites will design their monetary system not based on what is right, but on what will continue to benefit them.  If Bitcoin is perceived as stable enough for their currency to lean against, it is good enough as a candidate for that purpose, if and when they want to do it.

The elites can't design a new monetary system without their money enjoying acceptance by the general population. If you look at history, you can note various occasions, when the official money came out of favor (the prime cause being inflation of monetary supply) and the population started using other forms of money they mutually agreed on. So I don't think that there is a compelling reason to believe that "the elites" will stay in control of the monetary system forever.

Especially I find it hard to imagine that the elites will be successful in designing a new monetary system leaned against Bitcoin to stay in charge. The simple reason is that they would have to offer a significant benefit over Bitcoin to persuade the population to use their money instead of Bitcoin. I don't think that they will have something to offer that is more attractive than a non-inflationary, decentralized currency that can float around without restrictions.

ya.ya.yo!

[Karolus]

Who are the elites everybody talks about? Rich people?

Most rich people weren't born rich. That's the part that all these theories about an oligarchy leave out. Some rich people were born rich. But most rich were born non-rich, and are overachievers who became rich.

Overachievers are more likely to be greedy. Overachievers are also more likely to hustle their way into power. That's just human nature. Some people always rise to the top. There isn't some big conspiracy.

So is society supposed to repress overachievers? Is society suppose to limit wealth, or limit the communication overachievers have? How exactly can an elite be prohibited?

[mrhelpful]

Who are the elites everybody talks about? Rich people?

Most rich people weren't born rich. That's the part that all these theories about an oligarchy leave out. Some rich people were born rich. But most rich were born non-rich, and are overachievers who became rich.

Overachievers are more likely to be greedy. Overachievers are also more likely to hustle their way into power. That's just human nature. Some people always rise to the top. There isn't some big conspiracy.

So is society supposed to repress overachievers? Is society suppose to limit wealth, or limit the communication overachievers have? How exactly can an elite be prohibited?

Theres different forms of rich obviously.

The ones who do are born from wealth are on another level trust me.

But the view point on your take is slandered by peoples actions as a whole when you talk about "rich people". They see 1 rich persons mistake as it reps most of them to their view. Like how a bank defaults and gets a helping handing and sees that event makes the hate grow.

[BobK71]

The elites can't design a new monetary system without their money enjoying acceptance by the general population. If you look at history, you can note various occasions, when the official money came out of favor (the prime cause being inflation of monetary supply) and the population started using other forms of money they mutually agreed on. So I don't think that there is a compelling reason to believe that "the elites" will stay in control of the monetary system forever.

Especially I find it hard to imagine that the elites will be successful in designing a new monetary system leaned against Bitcoin to stay in charge. The simple reason is that they would have to offer a significant benefit over Bitcoin to persuade the population to use their money instead of Bitcoin. I don't think that they will have something to offer that is more attractive than a non-inflationary, decentralized currency that can float around without restrictions.

ya.ya.yo!

If and when the elites decide to lean on a hard money, their money becomes, in one way or another, IOUs convertible to the hard money.  That's how their 'money' gets trusted (say, after it has lost credibility in some way.)  A classic example of this was the gold standard.

As long as they can keep the system stable (if only temporarily,) the elites receive benefits by issuing these IOUs out of thin air.  When viewed in this light, metallic-standard (or indeed Bitcoin-standard) and fiat money are not fundamentally different, even though the outward indications of stability are (ie stability is indicated by gold/silver reserves in one case, and by consumer price stability in the other.)

The elites don't have to offer any benefits to force average people to use their issued 'money.'  The central bank's function is to manipulate inflation and the various rates of return on investments.  For example, under the gold standard, as long as the elites kept their control, holding gold had a return of zero.  Paper currency earned a positive nominal interest when put in a bank.  If you held gold, you lived under the same inflation caused by the constant issuance of paper and debt, but were not (partially) compensated by bank interest.

With most people unaware of how the system works, the criteria for what system to adopt is not what social benefits the system can bring, but how much the elites can benefit from it.

That said, most experts don't believe we'll return to the classical style of pegging against a hard money.   From the elites' point of view, it's more advantageous to make use of today's technology and financial engineering to use 'soft' pegs.  The price of the hard money will be lower, and it will be slightly more flexible than under the classical metallic standards, so there will be less embarrassment when the elites have to devalue their IOUs.  (This may be what the Reserve Bank of India is quietly starting with its 'monetization' program for gold that started in December.)

But all the concepts of metallic standards still basically apply.

[BobK71]

Who are the elites everybody talks about? Rich people?

Most rich people weren't born rich. That's the part that all these theories about an oligarchy leave out. Some rich people were born rich. But most rich were born non-rich, and are overachievers who became rich.

Overachievers are more likely to be greedy. Overachievers are also more likely to hustle their way into power. That's just human nature. Some people always rise to the top. There isn't some big conspiracy.

So is society supposed to repress overachievers? Is society suppose to limit wealth, or limit the communication overachievers have? How exactly can an elite be prohibited?

It is not at all these people that we've been talking about.  I'm sorry if I haven't been explicit, but I've been talking about the top politicians, central bankers and high financiers who have the power to issue money, 'safe' debt, and highly profitable financial assets.

There's a big difference between people who can conjure up wealth out of thin air and those (however rich) who can only profit when other people want to pay them.  Over-achieving is probably required for the latter group.  (Although we should remember that the markets that over-achievers in the real economy sell into have themselves been distorted by the issuance of money and debt by the top elites -- but that's an issue for another time.)

[Karolus]

Have you seen the balance sheet of the Federal Reserve? It's only a few trillion dollars. The Fed literally has less than what Fidelity manages. The global bond market is $100 trillion+. The derivatives market is so big and unregulated that it's unmeasurable but is estimated at $1 quadrillion+. You vastly overestimate the importance of central banks.

The only rates central banks set are on their own deposits and interbank lending. They don't set rates of return on other investments. That's what the vast market does.

The commodities markets have a bigger say on inflation than central banks do. The Bank of Japan is the best example. It's been expanding the money supply for, how long, 15 years? But inflation there has stayed abnormally low.

Is your ideology to force "elites" to acquire precious metals to back the unknown $quadrillion+ in liabilities?

[BobK71]

Have you seen the balance sheet of the Federal Reserve? It's only a few trillion dollars. The Fed literally has less than what Fidelity manages. The global bond market is $100 trillion+. The derivatives market is so big and unregulated that it's unmeasurable but is estimated at $1 quadrillion+. You vastly overestimate the importance of central banks.

The only rates central banks set are on their own deposits and interbank lending. They don't set rates of return on other investments. That's what the vast market does.

The commodities markets have a bigger say on inflation than central banks do. The Bank of Japan is the best example. It's been expanding the money supply for, how long, 15 years? But inflation there has stayed abnormally low.

Is your ideology to force "elites" to acquire precious metals to back the unknown $quadrillion+ in liabilities?

The amounts only reflect what central banks have had to do in the past.  Even though the Fed more than doubled its balance sheet after 2008, it has basically been able, so far, to leverage its ability to issue unlimited money (plus its advertised will to do so) to get the markets to do most of the buying and holding of the assets it wants them to.  This is what it prefers.  Actual money printing on a vast scale would only be a last resort (which it might be contemplating -- note the increase in talk of 'helicopter money' to get inflation going.)

True, central banks can't do all the heavy lifting, but the alliance between central banks, top politicians, and financiers is quite powerful.

Western central banks have always used small but key incentives to get the markets to comply (that is, except the few times they lost control even in the US -- the present time may be a slow case of this.)  Short term interest rates (which they control pretty well) are historically kept artificially low to push people to spend money and to acquire riskier assets like stocks and real estate.  The gold and silver standards were used to keep the rate of return of gold and silver at zero (ie below even short term interest, and below the inflation caused by asset issuance) to push people out of these assets.

As I said, these are small but key steps.  The markets do the rest (at least in 'normal' times.)

The BoJ problem you cite is precisely a case of gentle but chronic loss of control, resulting in economic misery from the stagnation caused by money hoarding -- ultimately a result of the financial bubble, and the distortions that happened while the bubble was inflating.  We may be headed there, but we may not be able to stand it for as long as the Japanese have.

But ability of the BoJ and Japanese govt. to fend off big asset drops (and the immediate pain) for all this time is a (small) example of the power of the central authorities.  Almost by definition, private market participants dominate the scene during 'good' times -- during 'bad' times the fangs of a state-controlled system are exposed, more and more.

And being exposed in this way is part of why the elites call these times 'bad!'

To the extend that private parties still buy or hold assets, central authorities don't interfere.  If they're doing what you want, let them.  Why expose your system?

As I mentioned indirectly, the pegging of currency to 'hard money' is just another tool in the authorities' arsenal to profit from a manipulated system.  What we need is to ban any manipulation whatsoever.

[Karolus]

Your ideas about central banks are seriously outdated. Their role has diminished as markets have grown gigantically. Central banks only deal with puny amounts compared to the global markets.

But according to you, the puny amounts that the Fed transacts scare markets that have vastly larger amounts into fulfilling the goals of the Fed. I'm not persuaded.

The facts show the Fed has failed repeatedly, year after year to reach its inflation target. Likewise, the Bank of Japan has failed for the better part of a generation.

The facts show that the Fed's multiple QEs have failed to lift the economy anywhere near 3% growth.

The Fed isn't the god you think it is. But I understand that conspiracy theorists always nitpick anything that contradicts them.

[BobK71]

Your ideas about central banks are seriously outdated. Their role has diminished as markets have grown gigantically. Central banks only deal with puny amounts compared to the global markets.

But according to you, the puny amounts that the Fed transacts scare markets that have vastly larger amounts into fulfilling the goals of the Fed. I'm not persuaded.

The facts show the Fed has failed repeatedly, year after year to reach its inflation target. Likewise, the Bank of Japan has failed for the better part of a generation.

The facts show that the Fed's multiple QEs have failed to lift the economy anywhere near 3% growth.

The Fed isn't the god you think it is. But I understand that conspiracy theorists always nitpick anything that contradicts them.

From the central banks' point of view, more inflation and growth today would be nice, but the crucial thing is to maintain what remains of the global asset bubble after the bust of 2008.  In this they have succeeded by a combination of announcing boldly but treading carefully and creating just not enough pain to be politically problematic (even if they would never call it a bubble, of course.)

You're right that their power is not unlimited, especially at a time like this, so they have to accept some degree of failure.  But the system is basically holding, so far.

But trust me, if the bottom falls out of the system tomorrow, they will still have ultimate control.  They will just have to eat a bit more humble pie, effectively devalue currency against gold, and get their stability back.  In fact, stability will come back big.  (Most likely, the program will be called 'helicopter money' by what it looks like on the surface.)

WRT to market vs. central bank power -- say you have $10K invested in Treasuries, and know that the US government, in the end, can't remotely repay its debt with anything near the purchasing power of what creditors lent it, and you know that every other investor knows it.  What can you really do?  Sell Treasuries and get 0% in a bank account?  Let's say a bunch of investors all decide to get out (say, after a political episode on Capitol Hill,) they all know that the Fed will step in to buy Treasuries if the price falls too much, and they can easily end up losing on the trade.  So they and you decide to put off the decision for another day, especially since the market is still perceived to be liquid.  Since everyone knows most others will do this, the price of Treasuries stays at its over-valued level, and the Fed hasn't spent a penny.

Now for a major holder of Treasuries like China or Saudi Arabia, it's a slightly different bargain.  You are much better off playing ball with Uncle Sam, hold the Treasuries, and get what you can from Washington policies.  Ultimately, you can't win an outright confrontation, since you know you're a corrupt dictatorship and your people tolerate you only barely (the 'free' Western media has made sure of that) and you need US co-operation, in one way or another.  (Especially since you know the only damage you can threaten Washington with is that the Fed will swallow some more pride and print money to buy up your Treasuries.)

This is a microcosm -- the entire system works this way, globally.  It's the essence of using state power to support an asset bubble.  For the public, on the receiving end of this power, the choice is always, ultimately, lose-lose.

[Slark]

Great read, I enjoyed this article very much. I have a couple questions though:

1. Where bitcoin stands in this monetary war? It is electronic but is is not exactly under control of the elites (or so we think)

2. Will bitcoin be a danger to this future plan of wealthy elites to dominate in the currency war?
   What if they just take over it either by buying large amount of BTC or making it unpopular by claiming it is used by criminals etc. or push anticrypto law?

3. How bitcoin can be used to oppose this new era of financial repression?

[BobK71]

Great read, I enjoyed this article very much. I have a couple questions though:

1. Where bitcoin stands in this monetary war? It is electronic but is is not exactly under control of the elites (or so we think)

2. Will bitcoin be a danger to this future plan of wealthy elites to dominate in the currency war?
   What if they just take over it either by buying large amount of BTC or making it unpopular by claiming it is used by criminals etc. or push anticrypto law?

3. How bitcoin can be used to oppose this new era of financial repression?

Glad you liked it.

1. I'm not sure if you're old enough to remember Microsoft's strategy of 3 E's (embrace-extend-exterminate) against a competing technology.  This was what the elites tried to do with gold -- and unfortunately might do the same to Bitcoin.  We don't know if they have been buying Bitcoin to acquire price control one day -- I guess a consolation is that it would give a big one-time profit to Bitcoin holders when state(s) decided to use Bitcoin to stabilize their money.

2. IMO overt financial repression and manipulation tend not to work long-term.  The efforts at supporting the dollar after the elites were forced to abandon the gold peg in 1971 were messy and only served as stop-gaps to the early 90s when Chinese labor (at artificially suppressed wages by central bank policy) provided 15 years of stability.  So I think this option is low on the priority list.  The top global elites derive a good part of their power and wealth from the perception that they alone respect the market and that they allow people to get out of their assets freely.  This 'higher road' is more profitable as the deception is on a global scale.  (And they have the ideas to make it work -- e.g. the recently announced baby step by the Indian central bank to bring gold back into the system can actually serve as a template for an ingenious way of using gold to back money, but without owning as much gold or suffering as much embarrassment of devaluation as under the classical gold standard.)

Another sign they won't ban Bitcoin is that they just legitimized it.

3. Battle advantage will go back and forth between the elites and the public, but ultimately, the people (or at least educated people) must understand the problem.  It's going to be a multi-century struggle, but as soon as the public wake up, the problem will have nowhere to hide.

[BobK71]

Here's an afterthought on the future of modern money...

It's important to remember that the financial elite will do everything in its power to prevent a total collapse of the imperial monetary and asset bubble.  The reason is simple: if severe economic pain reaches the imperial center (say, a total collapse of confidence in the dollar via hyperinflation, etc.) the political elite will go after them.

When it becomes obvious to everyone that the system is totally broken, after the elites have been saying it is basically sound, the politicians will want both to push blame away from themselves and to confiscate the wealth of the bankers to help alleviate pain.  (Most likely, the bankers will have bought a lot of gold, silver and Bitcoin.)

This was what happened during the Spanish Inquisition.  Since then, for over 400 years, the financial elite have managed to avoid total hard landings by passing imperial power to the next country while the bubble was still holding.

Of course, prolonging the bubble in this way only means an even greater bubble, creating economic distortions and, ultimately, human misery on a greater scale.

[Yakamoto]

Most of this is essentially what I've read over the two years that I've been studying currency and the history and consequences of all of it. Started small, got manipulated quickly, and then here we are, with a bunch of worthless paper and a minimal amount of value actually maintained by our governments. It's a shame everything had to go downhill so quickly.

[OROBTC]

...

A new book worth taking a look at: The Road to Ruin (Jim Rickards), just out in the past few days.  He has written other books on modern money.  He is a very connected man.

I just finished it.  In short, he believes that The Elites are waging a War on Ca$h because they need to keep power and to keep spending money.  He suggests holding 5% - 10% of your investments in gold, the rest well-diversified.

[BobK71]

Most of this is essentially what I've read over the two years that I've been studying currency and the history and consequences of all of it. Started small, got manipulated quickly, and then here we are, with a bunch of worthless paper and a minimal amount of value actually maintained by our governments. It's a shame everything had to go downhill so quickly.

Nice.  The problem is the incentives faced by the elites.  While the system is stable, politicians receive 'free' political capital by issuing debt, and bankers (including the investment-bank shadow system) receive 'free' wealth by issuing their assets that are indirectly backed by state power.  "Stability breeds instability."

[streazight]

Bitcoin is great if you need to send money overseas or want to buy something online. There are hundreds of thousands of merchants that accept Bitcoin around the world, and because the fees are so low, you can often get great discounts when you choose to pay with Bitcoin instead of your credit card.

On modern age as the trend of new generation is toward online business and I think bitcoin is the only currency which can be more convenient to them as it does no need to transfer it in to other crypto currency, therefore to me bitcoin can be consider as the currency of the modern age.

[TheGodFather]

for me bitcoin has grow alot than i ever thought. it's so powerful because you can send and received money without any taxations or any fee bitcoin is bitcoin. that will never changed but the price will change for sure haha. hoping that it would make atleast 1k us dollar per bitcoin. if that happen i can make more investment in gambling sites bank roll for my profit to grow more. and maybe be rich someday hahaha 

[BobK71]

...

A new book worth taking a look at: The Road to Ruin (Jim Rickards), just out in the past few days.  He has written other books on modern money.  He is a very connected man.

I just finished it.  In short, he believes that The Elites are waging a War on Ca$h because they need to keep power and to keep spending money.  He suggests holding 5% - 10% of your investments in gold, the rest well-diversified.

Thanks.  I've read almost all his books but not this last one.

My views on the war on cash has changed somewhat recently.  I used to think of the cashless system and significant negative rates as the nuclear level of central bank weaponry, but if you think about it, truly negative rates will make the theft obvious to the average Joe, even if nothing of essence has changed.  (That is, most people don't understand that interest on 'safe' assets today is designed not to keep up with inflation -- and this is the only reason the system is tolerated.)  There's a good chance that the elites can explain all they want; people are just not going to stand seeing their bank balance evaporate just to 'encourage' loaning money to governments and banks.

So, my prediction is that, even in that world, the dreaded zero-lower-bound (by the elites, not by us!) will basically apply.

There are significant other benefits of a cashless world, for the elites.  Tracking of all transactions will make their financial market manipulation easier, but I think the main benefit will be the forced infusion of money into the banking system (since, of course, if cash is no longer an option, all your money has to be in your bank account.)

Cash under the mattress, whether owned by corrupt officials, drug dealers, or fearful citizens in a zero-interest world, is an under-appreciated enemy of the system today.  Its net effect is to draw quite a bit of money away from the banking system, money that can be put to work to pay the elites and to try to generate growth and inflation as per 'normal' system function.

In this view, abolishing cash would be a one-time benefit to the system, as big as that may be.  To keep the system alive, the elites would still have to find major avenues of growth or other major supports for their system (such as the postwar economic domination of the US after other rich countries had been bombed flat, or China's central bank deciding in the early 90s to use the country's labor pool as the new gold to back the dollar.)

[buwaytress]

Here's an afterthought on the future of modern money...

It's important to remember that the financial elite will do everything in its power to prevent a total collapse of the imperial monetary and asset bubble.  The reason is simple: if severe economic pain reaches the imperial center (say, a total collapse of confidence in the dollar via hyperinflation, etc.) the political elite will go after them.

When it becomes obvious to everyone that the system is totally broken, after the elites have been saying it is basically sound, the politicians will want both to push blame away from themselves and to confiscate the wealth of the bankers to help alleviate pain.  (Most likely, the bankers will have bought a lot of gold, silver and Bitcoin.)

This was what happened during the Spanish Inquisition.  Since then, for over 400 years, the financial elite have managed to avoid total hard landings by passing imperial power to the next country while the bubble was still holding.

Of course, prolonging the bubble in this way only means an even greater bubble, creating economic distortions and, ultimately, human misery on a greater scale.

Hello!

It's rare to find a well thought out piece conveyed in language that is neither too technical nor too wordy.

I have much to comment about but perhaps not worth fleshing out here. I will say a few things:

1. The "true" or "core" financial elite may be a tiny but powerful entity. On a wider scale, even a number of us could be considered financially more able than the vast majority of the public. You mentioned an educated public - I shall refer to this as the middle class, which we all surely are if only for our ability to discuss this here on this channel.

2. We all must realise by now that the system is indeed broken, but we are not willing to sacrifice for it to change. We want our piece of the pie, no matter how small, before it is all gone. And this is why, we knowingly want the bubble to prolong, knowing it is unlikely to burst in our lifetime.

It is sad, but it is real. And I must feel that this is true for most bitcoiners out here.

[Dahhi]

I have been reading the word "bubble" and I am thinking, if the elites have been able to print money out of thin air to meet up with flagrant lifestyles, what is going to happen in future to stop them from continuing the trend, what will make the "bubble" burst when the elites don't want it to burst?

[raven7886]

I have been reading the word "bubble" and I am thinking, if the elites have been able to print money out of thin air to meet up with flagrant lifestyles, what is going to happen in future to stop them from continuing the trend, what will make the "bubble" burst when the elites don't want it to burst?

The world bubble in financial world usually associated only with investments, but now a days we are seeing it is also being used for currencies and that must be a new innovative achievement of modern money and its system.

In my opinion bitcoin must be a origin point of modern money, from here we are going to enjoy the revolution of same traditional financial system but in complete modern more precisely in digitized mode.

[stark101]

From the past years,  there was a global fixed exchange rate. Currencies were linked to gold, meaning that the value of a local currency was fixed at a set exchange rate to gold ounces. This was known as the gold standard. But later on, governments used fiat currency as the basis of the monetary system where it was the non-convertibility and the flexible exchange rates.

[coinplus]

I have been reading the word "bubble" and I am thinking, if the elites have been able to print money out of thin air to meet up with flagrant lifestyles, what is going to happen in future to stop them from continuing the trend, what will make the "bubble" burst when the elites don't want it to burst?

The world bubble in financial world usually associated only with investments, but now a days we are seeing it is also being used for currencies and that must be a new innovative achievement of modern money and its system.

In my opinion bitcoin must be a origin point of modern money, from here we are going to enjoy the revolution of same traditional financial system but in complete modern more precisely in digitized mode.

Yes a modern money most probably will be in digital format and that certainly will be bitcoin as per my predictions. Because I do not see any intensive competitor for bitcoin by any means. A modern money must be a demand of this generation who are living just with one mobile phone. I strongly believe bitcoin will answer all modern requirements.

[BobK71]

Hello!

It's rare to find a well thought out piece conveyed in language that is neither too technical nor too wordy.

I have much to comment about but perhaps not worth fleshing out here. I will say a few things:

1. The "true" or "core" financial elite may be a tiny but powerful entity. On a wider scale, even a number of us could be considered financially more able than the vast majority of the public. You mentioned an educated public - I shall refer to this as the middle class, which we all surely are if only for our ability to discuss this here on this channel.

2. We all must realise by now that the system is indeed broken, but we are not willing to sacrifice for it to change. We want our piece of the pie, no matter how small, before it is all gone. And this is why, we knowingly want the bubble to prolong, knowing it is unlikely to burst in our lifetime.

It is sad, but it is real. And I must feel that this is true for most bitcoiners out here.

Thanks for bringing up these great points.

It's absolutely true that a good part of the imperial financial system's support comes from parceling out the benefits widely and proportionately.  In a real sense, every citizen of the West, no matter how poor, is a major beneficiary who receives 'free' wealth from the rest of the world, since their government is able to issue paper wealth in exchange for real goods and services from the developing world.

We also have to remember that the problem goes beyond theft.  There have been major episodes of conflict and suffering every time the bubble becomes unstable (which, BTW, it always seems to become, because of the incentives for the elites to destabilize their own system.)

In the early 1890s the Bank of England itself had to be bailed out by foreign central banks.  Soon we saw massive military build-ups and sabre rattling for no apparent reason, and 'stability' didn't return until the US took over the bubble after the Great War.

The early 1930s' bank collapses would eventually lead to the Great Depression and World War II.

The late 1960's near-collapse of the dollar-gold system would lead to social and political upheavals around the world.  This time, the conflicts were more dispersed and less horrifying, since the imperial authorities saw fit, for the first time, to (effectively) devalue paper assets against gold massively, thus wiping out a good part of debt via inflation.  Stability didn't really return until W. Europe was forced to inflate and China made its labor pool a major support for the system.

This last bout of instability, starting in the late 2000s, has yet to play out, but we've already seen profound financial trouble in Europe and China, and much suffering in the Middle East.

I agree with you that it's not an easy problem to solve.  Most of us here, not just the elites, are addicted to the system, to one degree or another.  But surely the first step to recovery must be to realize the unsustainable nature of the addiction.  The next step will be to summon enough courage to change.

[Przemax]

Everything ok, but the op just mentions the war and the usury and not make it the central point of imperial mechanics. That history of an unstustainable economies that are based on the debt are  dated way back into the ancient Babylon.

The only reason we had not seen such a cases more often because of most of the countries were inflating their economies if they were using the usury, and hence the fall effect were less visible, or they were succesful in wars, or they banned the usury. If such an empire wouldnt do every such a cases succesfully it will fall, because empires are  always on the down spiral once they arrive.

 Inflation is the effect not the cause of colapsing economies. Its the dry out of money and accumulation of wealth is the cause. Judging by the drying out of bitcoin and its vast accumulation by few people its only reflects the reality of the world we live in, and as we see with bitcoin - bitcoins stays the same, as the rest of the falling economies. It looks good on paper, its worse when peoples lives depends on it.

[rajasumi3]

Bitcoin is the near future and maybe we are living in this future .there is always better with bitcoins as during international transaction bitcoin miner fees is less well in case of other credit cards the amount is too high .

[X-ray]

Bitcoin is the near future and maybe we are living in this future .there is always better with bitcoins as during international transaction bitcoin miner fees is less well in case of other credit cards the amount is too high .

we're already living in the future and there's only more advanced future ahead. credit cards charge around more than 1$ for each transaction and bitcoin about few cents that's right though people sometimes didn't mind to pay the fees as high as credit card offered rather then spending time for exchanging and it might be a hard competition for bitcoin

[bncbnc]

Bitcoin is the near future and maybe we are living in this future .there is always better with bitcoins as during international transaction bitcoin miner fees is less well in case of other credit cards the amount is too high .

yes it is a fact bitcoin is the currency of the future because most people are accepting bitcoin and making it more stronger from its previous position, and not only in some area but in all over the world. hope that very soon people will start using bitcoin as a currency when many services will be available in your local markets.

[BobK71]

Everything ok, but the op just mentions the war and the usury and not make it the central point of imperial mechanics. That history of an unstustainable economies that are based on the debt are  dated way back into the ancient Babylon.

The only reason we had not seen such a cases more often because of most of the countries were inflating their economies if they were using the usury, and hence the fall effect were less visible, or they were succesful in wars, or they banned the usury. If such an empire wouldnt do every such a cases succesfully it will fall, because empires are  always on the down spiral once they arrive.

 Inflation is the effect not the cause of colapsing economies. Its the dry out of money and accumulation of wealth is the cause. Judging by the drying out of bitcoin and its vast accumulation by few people its only reflects the reality of the world we live in, and as we see with bitcoin - bitcoins stays the same, as the rest of the falling economies. It looks good on paper, its worse when peoples lives depends on it.

Usury by itself won't necessarily cause collapse.  The real problem is state control of money, which encourages debt to grow, which then forces the empire either to inflate or to subjugate other countries, as you state.

Without state control of money, debt would only occur when the investment looks good enough (on economic grounds) to repay both principle and interest in future.  That was why credit was so tight under hard money during the Renaissance.  But the Renaissance still had very good growth driven purely by technical progress.  If the supply of money is constant while the real economy grows, there will be a natural, gentle and beneficial deflation over the long term.  Interest, generated by the small amount of total debt, will only re-distribute some wealth towards those who invest wisely.

[BobK71]

I have been reading the word "bubble" and I am thinking, if the elites have been able to print money out of thin air to meet up with flagrant lifestyles, what is going to happen in future to stop them from continuing the trend, what will make the "bubble" burst when the elites don't want it to burst?

That is a very good question.  I hope I will have more time and respond (again) in more detail, but the short answer is that the global imperial system depends critically on the trust in the assets they issue, including money.  They don't have enough power to force people worldwide to accept their money.  In the global system, the only reason one single country can stay on top of the world is to use a combination of hard and soft power, and the soft power comes mostly from savers trusting in the purchasing power of the country's money.  (This is why the Fed is so eager to raise rates at this point, if it can.)

[JariKriting]

bitcoin is mondern money
you use bitcoin you can send money in the world is easy , fast and very low sending fee
but bitcoin to the real money still very dificult without physic and without regulated to the real money

[BobK71]

bitcoin is mondern money
you use bitcoin you can send money in the world is easy , fast and very low sending fee
but bitcoin to the real money still very dificult without physic and without regulated to the real money

I feel that this is a true observation, unfortunately.

But like gold, the major argument in favor of Bitcoin as an investment is the actions by the elites themselves.  They will not want to totally destroy trust in Bitcoin (or gold) because some day they might need it to anchor the world's trust in the paper money and debt they issue.  (I.E. when things get bad enough for them, they will want to go (back) to a gold or Bitcoin standard, whether it looks on the surface like the old gold standard or not.)

When trust is really lost in the assets they issue, there will be hell to pay for the top bankers and central bankers, since the politicians will direct the public's anger (from the economic pain) to those people only, in order to deflect anger from themselves who were an integral part of the asset inflation originally.

This was what happened during the Spanish Inquisition.  Since top bankers and central bankers are thus totally scared of a true hard landing, they will want the option of a gold, silver, and/or a Bitcoin standard to be available at all times.

Maybe, the recent all-out attempt by some political groups to whip up the public about either Russian hacking in favor of Trump, or Trump's appointment of so many Goldman Sachs alumni, was a test of the strength of the Spanish-Inquisition type of purely political force, in case it will be needed (a scenario a Trump presidency will definitely make more likely than a Hillary one!)

But which standard, gold, silver, and/or Bitcoin?  That is an interesting topic in itself that I hope to explore at some point.

[BobK71]

I have been reading the word "bubble" and I am thinking, if the elites have been able to print money out of thin air to meet up with flagrant lifestyles, what is going to happen in future to stop them from continuing the trend, what will make the "bubble" burst when the elites don't want it to burst?

That is a very good question.  I hope I will have more time and respond (again) in more detail, but the short answer is that the global imperial system depends critically on the trust in the assets they issue, including money.  They don't have enough power to force people worldwide to accept their money.  In the global system, the only reason one single country can stay on top of the world is to use a combination of hard and soft power, and the soft power comes mostly from savers trusting in the purchasing power of the country's money.  (This is why the Fed is so eager to raise rates at this point, if it can.)

Another, related, idea is that the imperial power is able to enjoy its reserve currency status partly because it has a relatively free market economy at home.  The more it prints money and debt and uses state power to prop them up, the more distorted and less productive its own economy is.

Not only will the bubble be more likely to burst, it will actually be in the imperial interest to let it burst, at some point.  History has shown that the process of deflation that follows a bubble burst actually strengthens the empire, by offloading most of the toxic problems to other countries, and by allowing the imperial center to reset its system and rebuild its strength.  It's painful, but not unsurvivable, and was more or less what happened during the Great Depression and 'Great Recession.'

[BobK71]

Nice piece of history in one post. I think the modern economy basically swings like a pendulum between good money and bad money. good money being decentralized money, like gold, silver, even shells at one stage. Bad money, is simply fiat.

And bitcoin is an example of a good money, I'd expect it to be adopted in a mass scale in future.

Thank you.

My view of good vs. bad money is that decentralized money gives no power to anyone, whereas centralized money (fiat money, public debt, too-big-to-fail bank debt) is designed to benefit the elites (though sometimes will also benefit a big population, in order to gain support by by bribery) by giving them the power of issuance.

The problem of power-money is not just that the elites issue money freely and then break their promises by inflating it away (though that does happen,) but that the elites have all sorts of incentives to corrupt every institution of society in their effort prop up the value of their money, by deceptive means.

Among the most famous examples was Britain's acquisition and exploitation of colonies.

[joms07]

A brief history of money.. Chocolate coins, gold coins and other ... These are all traditions that carry on even though modern coins are worthless metal.

[ginika]

after the emergence of paper money, the history of money continues with the existence of modern money. modern money that exist today has several types, such as deposits, checks, current accounts and others. now this means of payment not always by using money physically, when shopping goods now we can use other means of payment such as credit cards.
the longer the history of money development has progressed considerably. money and payment instruments are growing rapidly. with the development of history, humans increasingly facilitated in using it. even with the bank as a medium to save money and send it.

[BobK71]

after the emergence of paper money, the history of money continues with the existence of modern money. modern money that exist today has several types, such as deposits, checks, current accounts and others. now this means of payment not always by using money physically, when shopping goods now we can use other means of payment such as credit cards.
the longer the history of money development has progressed considerably. money and payment instruments are growing rapidly. with the development of history, humans increasingly facilitated in using it. even with the bank as a medium to save money and send it.

This is all true.  Unfortunately, public awareness of key monetary concepts is still in the stone age (and this is probably by design in one way or another) while financial innovation is ever growing.  Not good.

[Unsmart boy]

It is easy to pay bills with a payment credit card or PayPal without paying, it makes it easy to buy something online and I agree with you on this policy. I hope many more business owners in the future will accept their payment through bitcoin. Bitcoin in the near future and probably we are living in the future. Bitcoin is always good at the time of international transactions. For other credit cards, low cost food is low, but the amount is very high.

[BobK71]

In the US, for instance, the federal government includes the President and Congress at the top of the hierarchy. Congress authorizes taxing and spending measures. Below this level are the Treasury and Federal Reserve (central banking system).

The Federal Reserve system is a separate 'arm of the government' altogether.  Technically, it's not even part of the government, as it's privately held (though many central banks around the world are held directly by the government.)  The Federal Reserve is supposed to operate independently of political pressure, thus its separation from the rest of the government.

[ronics]

the Bitcoin for me is the best of all the crypto in the world because if you need to send money anywhere in the country and also depreciate on receiving bitcoin in the country is very unic really or do you want to buy anything in an online , can be done with bitcoin. There are hundreds of stores for 24 hours that Bitcoin accepts worldwide, and because its fees are easy to pay. you can get a low rebate when you choose to use a Bitcoin to use your credit card.

[shinharu10282016]

Who are the elites everybody talks about? Rich people?

Most rich people weren't born rich. That's the part that all these theories about an oligarchy leave out. Some rich people were born rich. But most rich were born non-rich, and are overachievers who became rich.

Overachievers are more likely to be greedy. Overachievers are also more likely to hustle their way into power. That's just human nature. Some people always rise to the top. There isn't some big conspiracy.

So is society supposed to repress overachievers? Is society suppose to limit wealth, or limit the communication overachievers have? How exactly can an elite be prohibited?

They are rich people. And most of them are born with a silver spoon on their mouth. You will still consider the not oh so rich people that came up rich like Mark Zuckerburg because of their innovative ideas. Overachievers really tend to be greedy and I think that is not bad at all.

[BobK71]

after the emergence of paper money, the history of money continues with the existence of modern money. modern money that exist today has several types, such as deposits, checks, current accounts and others. now this means of payment not always by using money physically, when shopping goods now we can use other means of payment such as credit cards.
the longer the history of money development has progressed considerably. money and payment instruments are growing rapidly. with the development of history, humans increasingly facilitated in using it. even with the bank as a medium to save money and send it.

I am all in favor of innovation in money and finance.  I'm not in favor of governments or central banks having anything to do with it.

When they control money to any degree, the system is used to benefit top politicians and bankers at the expense of the public, who don't even know they're being played, most of the time.  This has been the experience of the last 500 years of the modern West.

[Bitfling]

Cryptocurrency is new invention in money history. Because of internet, cryptocurrency can exist and right now crypto become more popular than before and attracting many big institution to investing their funds. Money always evolve and i am believe crypto is future currency

[BobK71]

Who are the elites everybody talks about? Rich people?

Most rich people weren't born rich. That's the part that all these theories about an oligarchy leave out. Some rich people were born rich. But most rich were born non-rich, and are overachievers who became rich.

Overachievers are more likely to be greedy. Overachievers are also more likely to hustle their way into power. That's just human nature. Some people always rise to the top. There isn't some big conspiracy.

So is society supposed to repress overachievers? Is society suppose to limit wealth, or limit the communication overachievers have? How exactly can an elite be prohibited?

They are rich people. And most of them are born with a silver spoon on their mouth. You will still consider the not oh so rich people that came up rich like Mark Zuckerburg because of their innovative ideas. Overachievers really tend to be greedy and I think that is not bad at all.

The problem, of course, is not over-achievement.  The problem is that the system is rigged in favor of the top bankers and politicians.   The entire system we live in is based on theft and deception.

See how the system really works.