Advantages of Investing in an ICO

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Aside from discounted rates when purchasing tokens before public launching, what else can a potential investor benefit from investing in an initial coin offering?
What do they do when the coin comes to a crash when it goes public? How do these companies protect the interests of their investors?

Now it is more profitable to invest in coins after the release on the stock exchange. Since In most cases, the price is trading at a level below the ICO price.