The ICO pump and dump from 2017 showed that many people made huge amounts of money in exchange of worthless tokens that
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We can really count the ICOs that are successful and also survive until now. It is only few of them. Whereas, the project that could hit hardcap in their ICO and now it is dead. You are right about these three things and they always happen:
1. never hit an exchange
2. if they did they only lost value to never recover again.
3. never had any real value or usage.
1. They only promised about listing on exchanges (on the website, they will always target the big exchanges), but they will list noting, likely disappeared after successfully gaining funds during ICO (like scams but very smooth ways).
2. Most of them are like this. They have listed on certain exchanges, no control and also development from the team and developer, there is no trading volume again, the price goes down to earth, very dump, and then dead coin and the team has gone before it becomes dead coin.
3. Most of them really have very good ideas but they do not offer the real one. Many of them also have rather similar concepts of the projects, sometimes they are nonsense.
Are they really the real scammers with very soft techniques?