If the input is greater than the balance, the transaction cannot go through.
There is no way to try to make the value of the input greater than the balance stored on that input.
When you create a bitcoin transaction, you choose inputs based on the hash of the transaction which created them, and their position within that transaction. You then spend the entire input. At no point do you specify "how much" of the input to spend; you either select it, or you don't, and you either spend it all, or you spend none of it. There is no way to invalidate a transaction by trying to select more coins than exist in an input.