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Title: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 10, 2012, 07:08:27 PM Hi everybody,
I don't know if this would interest anybody, but I would be willing to answer any chemistry related questions (and get tips in bitcoin). Questions can be anything from topics you wonder about or are confused by, just want to know more about, or if you are taking a chemistry class and something is stumping you. My qualifications: I have a BS and MS in Chemistry from Michigan State University (focus on organic chemistry). I am currently working as a chemistry researcher at the largest US chemical company. --- Tips can be sent to: 1FjVtT9e3StFWkkRS4xgQtRfBrB9TbVo9T Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Jermainé on October 10, 2012, 09:39:35 PM seems legit
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: davout on October 10, 2012, 10:06:34 PM How do i reduce ephedrine without complicated equipment or precursors?
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 11, 2012, 01:10:50 AM How do i reduce ephedrine without complicated equipment or precursors? I suppose you are referring to the reaction reducing ephedrine to methamphetamine (works for pseudoephedrine too). This is simply the removal of one alcohol moiety from the molecule. R-OH + I2 + H3PO2 --> R-H Mix ingredients, heat to boil. Since the ephedrine contains an amine group, add KOH (lye) and extract with an organic solvent. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: firefop on October 11, 2012, 03:54:48 AM I've always wondered what would happen if replaced lye with potash... (that is potassium hydroxide)...
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 11, 2012, 02:07:24 PM I've always wondered what would happen if replaced lye with potash... (that is potassium hydroxide)... In most cases, including this one, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are interchangeable. They are both strong bases and have similar reactivities. There are some salts which have different solubilities with potassium vs. sodium, but that should not be a problem in this case. The hydroxide is used to neutralize the acid and produce a free base: R-NH3+ + MOH --> R-NH2 + H2O + M+ Where M can be either K or Na. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: mintymark on October 11, 2012, 02:14:37 PM > potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are interchangeable. They are both strong acids and
I think you meant alkalies! Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: firefop on October 11, 2012, 02:58:23 PM > potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are interchangeable. They are both strong acids and I think you meant alkalies! I'm hoping he did... they are most certainly basic rather than acidic Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: fergalish on October 11, 2012, 03:45:25 PM How can I distinguish and separate the following 4 molecules which are in equilibrium at high temperature: H2, CO, CO2, H2O.
This is the water gas shift reaction: H2+CO2 -> CO+H2O Can you tell me the equilibrium proportions of these four species as a function of temperature? What is a good catalyst to speed the forward reaction? Would the same catalyst also speed the reverse reaction, or would a different catalyst work better? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: tenakha on October 11, 2012, 04:00:48 PM As a star collapses, we get heavier and heavier elements being created due to nuclear fusion.
What size of star is required to implode in order to create the element Unobtanium? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 11, 2012, 04:33:07 PM > potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are interchangeable. They are both strong acids and I think you meant alkalies! Sorry about that, just slipped. Edited the previous post. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 11, 2012, 04:39:56 PM How can I distinguish and separate the following 4 molecules which are in equilibrium at high temperature: H2, CO, CO2, H2O. This is the water gas shift reaction: H2+CO2 -> CO+H2O Can you tell me the equilibrium proportions of these four species as a function of temperature? What is a good catalyst to speed the forward reaction? Would the same catalyst also speed the reverse reaction, or would a different catalyst work better? I will have to look into this more, I will do some diggin and get back to you in a bit. Off the top of my head, I think the usual catalyst for this reaction is iron, or an iron-copper alloy. Catalysts work by reducing the activaiton energy of a reaction, thus they work for both the forward and backward direction. The proportions of species produced depends on the conditons used (temperature and pressure). Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 11, 2012, 04:47:04 PM As a star collapses, we get heavier and heavier elements being created due to nuclear fusion. What size of star is required to implode in order to create the element Unobtanium? ;P Hrm, a nuclear chemistry question, you guys are bringing out the big guns. Without going in to the extremely complicated math, I did this calculation and I found that the distribution of elements produced would never give a noticable amount of unobtainium. Essentially, before a star can produce unobtanium it becomes a black hole and therefore the unobtanium is unobservable. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: fergalish on October 11, 2012, 06:14:20 PM As a star collapses, we get heavier and heavier elements being created due to nuclear fusion. What size of star is required to implode in order to create the element Unobtanium? ;P Hrm, a nuclear chemistry question, you guys are bringing out the big guns. Without going in to the extremely complicated math, I did this calculation and I found that the distribution of elements produced would never give a noticable amount of unobtainium. Essentially, before a star can produce unobtanium it becomes a black hole and therefore the unobtanium is unobservable. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: mintymark on October 11, 2012, 06:32:21 PM I have a question for you - and guess what, its bitcoin related!! Chemistry, I dont know, but you seem like a bit of a lateral thinker so here goes.
I'd like to manufacture a china mug, that like a casacus (can I even spell that!!) coin has a hidden private key inside it. I imagine that there would be a hollow botom in the mug and the key place in the compartment before it was fired. In this way it really is almost impossible to get at the key without obviously breaking the mug, or x-raying it which I assume is beyond a normal persons methods. One technique is to "print" the key on to thin tungsten foil - such is available at reasonable cost, and this would not melt at the firing temperature of normal pottery. So you could use a stamp and stamp it on for example, you could do this by hand in theory. But this wont work because the process must be 100% error free - the only way you would find out a mistake had been made is when the mug is smashed and the private key does not work, (and you loose your bitcoins!!) so a better way to do this is needed. In practice, I need a way to photographically do this from a printout of the key from a normal printer. Some sort of UV sensative coating that I could contact print from, possibly develop, and then perhaps as a result of the firing or perhaps not would etch the metal so that it could reliably and certainly be read. Or can I glaze or enamel a tungsten foil photographiclly? What about a platinotype on a tungsten base? Too complex, methinks. (And expensive!!) Its got to be pretty certain to work, or capable of being checked for readability before insertion. In truth I am dead-ended here and would welcome any further ideas from the OP or someone else. I want a bitcoin piggy bank, that truly has to be smashed to release its contents!! How cool would that be? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 11, 2012, 07:28:13 PM I have a question for you - and guess what, its bitcoin related!! Chemistry, I dont know, but you seem like a bit of a lateral thinker so here goes. I'd like to manufacture a china mug, that like a casacus (can I even spell that!!) coin has a hidden private key inside it. I imagine that there would be a hollow botom in the mug and the key place in the compartment before it was fired. In this way it really is almost impossible to get at the key without obviously breaking the mug, or x-raying it which I assume is beyond a normal persons methods. One technique is to "print" the key on to thin tungsten foil - such is available at reasonable cost, and this would not melt at the firing temperature of normal pottery. So you could use a stamp and stamp it on for example, you could do this by hand in theory. But this wont work because the process must be 100% error free - the only way you would find out a mistake had been made is when the mug is smashed and the private key does not work, (and you loose your bitcoins!!) so a better way to do this is needed. In practice, I need a way to photographically do this from a printout of the key from a normal printer. Some sort of UV sensative coating that I could contact print from, possibly develop, and then perhaps as a result of the firing or perhaps not would etch the metal so that it could reliably and certainly be read. Or can I glaze or enamel a tungsten foil photographiclly? What about a platinotype on a tungsten base? Too complex, methinks. (And expensive!!) Its got to be pretty certain to work, or capable of being checked for readability before insertion. In truth I am dead-ended here and would welcome any further ideas from the OP or someone else. I want a bitcoin piggy bank, that truly has to be smashed to release its contents!! How cool would that be? Is there a question in there somewhere? :) Would the bitcoin address be printed on the outside of the mug? That wouldn't be hard, just use standard printing/glazing techniques, the hard part is ensuring the mug has the correct address/key pair, but using correct inventory management and flow systems should let you match these up. Could you have a robotic engraving system set up to engrave the private key on the metal disk which gets inserted into the clay before firing? It would just be a string of characters, so current engraving programs should be capable. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 13, 2012, 04:36:56 AM How can I distinguish and separate the following 4 molecules which are in equilibrium at high temperature: H2, CO, CO2, H2O. This is the water gas shift reaction: H2+CO2 -> CO+H2O Can you tell me the equilibrium proportions of these four species as a function of temperature? What is a good catalyst to speed the forward reaction? Would the same catalyst also speed the reverse reaction, or would a different catalyst work better? Wait a minute, you are quoting the reaction in the reverse of what most people think of. This reaction is used industrially to produce hydrogen from methane (partial oxidation of methane, followed by the water gas shift). Are you trying to produce CO? In the formation of hydrogen, one way to separate the hydrogen out is to pass it over a palladium membrane. The hydrogen will pass through the palladium, but the other species will not. Essentially the hydrogen reacts with the palladium to form palladium hydride, diffuses through the metal layer and reforms molecular hydrogen on the other side of the membrane. In this paper (http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie00051a022) they describe the reaction being driven to the H2+CO2 side by removing the hydrogen through such a membrane. It looks like there are several transition metals that will catalyze this reaction. Even gold (http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1997/cc/a606192c/unauth). Many people on this forum like gold, perhaps they will find this interesting? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: fergalish on October 13, 2012, 08:41:32 PM This is the water gas shift reaction: H2+CO2 -> CO+H2O Wait a minute, you are quoting the reaction in the reverse of what most people think of. This reaction is used industrially to produce hydrogen from methane (partial oxidation of methane, followed by the water gas shift). Are you trying to produce CO? In the formation of hydrogen, one way to separate the hydrogen out is to pass it over a palladium membrane. The hydrogen will pass through the palladium, but the other species will not. Essentially the hydrogen reacts with the palladium to form palladium hydride, diffuses through the metal layer and reforms molecular hydrogen on the other side of the membrane. In this paper (http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie00051a022) they describe the reaction being driven to the H2+CO2 side by removing the hydrogen through such a membrane. It looks like there are several transition metals that will catalyze this reaction. Even gold (http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1997/cc/a606192c/unauth). Many people on this forum like gold, perhaps they will find this interesting? I sent you a PM about it a couple of days ago, but I realize the PM notification is hardly noticeable. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 14, 2012, 12:58:50 AM This is the water gas shift reaction: H2+CO2 -> CO+H2O Wait a minute, you are quoting the reaction in the reverse of what most people think of. This reaction is used industrially to produce hydrogen from methane (partial oxidation of methane, followed by the water gas shift). Are you trying to produce CO? In the formation of hydrogen, one way to separate the hydrogen out is to pass it over a palladium membrane. The hydrogen will pass through the palladium, but the other species will not. Essentially the hydrogen reacts with the palladium to form palladium hydride, diffuses through the metal layer and reforms molecular hydrogen on the other side of the membrane. In this paper (http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie00051a022) they describe the reaction being driven to the H2+CO2 side by removing the hydrogen through such a membrane. It looks like there are several transition metals that will catalyze this reaction. Even gold (http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1997/cc/a606192c/unauth). Many people on this forum like gold, perhaps they will find this interesting? I sent you a PM about it a couple of days ago, but I realize the PM notification is hardly noticeable. OK, I still don't see why you would want to do the reverse-water-gas shift reaction when there are plenty of easier ways to go about getting CO. Quote from: Wikipedia A major industrial source of CO is producer gas, a mixture containing mostly carbon monoxide and nitrogen, formed by combustion of carbon in air at high temperature when there is an excess of carbon. In an oven, air is passed through a bed of coke. The initially produced CO2 equilibrates with the remaining hot carbon to give CO. The reaction of O2 with carbon to give CO is described as the Boudouard equilibrium. Above 800 °C, CO is the predominant product: O2 + 2 C → 2 CO (ΔH = −221 kJ/mol) Another source is "water gas", a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced via the endothermic reaction of steam and carbon: H2O + C → H2 + CO (ΔH = +131 kJ/mol) For the second reaction, you could then pass the gas over the palladium membrane to remove the hydrogen, leaving pure CO. I also found this webpage (http://www2.uni-siegen.de/~pci/versuche/english/v44-14.html) which describes a simple, easy way to generate pure CO on a benchtop scale. They just mix conc. sulfuric acid and formic acid, which dehydrates the formic acid, releasing CO. HCOOH + cat. H2SO4 --> H2O + CO I suppose I should think about where the gasses come from, but where I work we just order cylinders of gasses. In my lab we have big tanks of CO, H2, syngas(CO + H2, in 1:1 and 2:1 ratios), compressed air, N2, He, and CO2 all lined up in a row. We also have a very sensitive CO/CO2 monitor right above these tanks for safety. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: fergalish on October 14, 2012, 10:31:14 PM OK, I still don't see why you would want to do the reverse-water-gas shift reaction when there are plenty of easier ways to go about getting CO. I'm trying to revolutionize the world, of course (like any self-respecting scientist). And this is the part I'd like to keep secret for a while longer, though I'd say google could probably tell you why if you search around the topic a bit. And my masterplan requires me to generate CO from H2 and CO2; reduction of O2, CO2 or H2O with C is not an option.Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Richy_T on October 15, 2012, 08:34:05 PM I have a question for you - and guess what, its bitcoin related!! Chemistry, I dont know, but you seem like a bit of a lateral thinker so here goes. I'd like to manufacture a china mug, that like a casacus (can I even spell that!!) coin has a hidden private key inside it. I imagine that there would be a hollow botom in the mug and the key place in the compartment before it was fired. In this way it really is almost impossible to get at the key without obviously breaking the mug, or x-raying it which I assume is beyond a normal persons methods. One technique is to "print" the key on to thin tungsten foil - such is available at reasonable cost, and this would not melt at the firing temperature of normal pottery. So you could use a stamp and stamp it on for example, you could do this by hand in theory. But this wont work because the process must be 100% error free - the only way you would find out a mistake had been made is when the mug is smashed and the private key does not work, (and you loose your bitcoins!!) so a better way to do this is needed. In practice, I need a way to photographically do this from a printout of the key from a normal printer. Some sort of UV sensative coating that I could contact print from, possibly develop, and then perhaps as a result of the firing or perhaps not would etch the metal so that it could reliably and certainly be read. Or can I glaze or enamel a tungsten foil photographiclly? What about a platinotype on a tungsten base? Too complex, methinks. (And expensive!!) Its got to be pretty certain to work, or capable of being checked for readability before insertion. In truth I am dead-ended here and would welcome any further ideas from the OP or someone else. I want a bitcoin piggy bank, that truly has to be smashed to release its contents!! How cool would that be? Here is an option for you. Typically, clays seem to be fired at around cone 6 which is 2232F and low fire glazes are around cone 06 (yes, 6 and 06 are different) which is 1830F. You could make the compartment be open in the clay firing stage and seal it during the glaze firing stage (the glaze melts and seals the parts together). That gives you a wider range of metals to work with (I believe it brings iron and copper within range for example). This may even open up options for printing on the inside of the cavity (though that would still have a risk of breaking the private key upon attempted opening). Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: mintymark on October 16, 2012, 10:02:59 AM Richy_T, thats certainly something to bear in mind. But am still stuck how to (chemically if possible as I do not have a robotic staming machine!) transfer the private key image to the metal.
Any further ideas welcome. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Richy_T on October 16, 2012, 02:35:28 PM Richy_T, thats certainly something to bear in mind. But am still stuck how to (chemically if possible as I do not have a robotic staming machine!) transfer the private key image to the metal. Any further ideas welcome. Copper can be etched with ferric chloride. There are other photo-lithography techniques too. If you used firstbits, you might be able to keep the length of the key down. Might be able to fit it on something like this (though I think this wouldn't survive) http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3584/3458427086_68e55f9bca.jpg Your best bet might be to get your hands on a small engraving machine. Or you could even hand engrave or stamp maybe. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: ingrownpocket on October 16, 2012, 04:41:23 PM How to Break Bad?
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 16, 2012, 07:51:35 PM How to Break Bad? I think your answer was already discussed farther up in the thread? https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117658.msg1263761#msg1263761 (https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=117658.msg1263761#msg1263761) Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: firefop on October 16, 2012, 11:10:24 PM OK, I still don't see why you would want to do the reverse-water-gas shift reaction when there are plenty of easier ways to go about getting CO. I'm trying to revolutionize the world, of course (like any self-respecting scientist). And this is the part I'd like to keep secret for a while longer, though I'd say google could probably tell you why if you search around the topic a bit. And my masterplan requires me to generate CO from H2 and CO2; reduction of O2, CO2 or H2O with C is not an option.what possible use would you have for making carbon monoxide? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Richy_T on October 17, 2012, 04:01:51 AM OK, I still don't see why you would want to do the reverse-water-gas shift reaction when there are plenty of easier ways to go about getting CO. I'm trying to revolutionize the world, of course (like any self-respecting scientist). And this is the part I'd like to keep secret for a while longer, though I'd say google could probably tell you why if you search around the topic a bit. And my masterplan requires me to generate CO from H2 and CO2; reduction of O2, CO2 or H2O with C is not an option.what possible use would you have for making carbon monoxide? He's an Observer? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on October 17, 2012, 02:08:05 PM OK, I still don't see why you would want to do the reverse-water-gas shift reaction when there are plenty of easier ways to go about getting CO. I'm trying to revolutionize the world, of course (like any self-respecting scientist). And this is the part I'd like to keep secret for a while longer, though I'd say google could probably tell you why if you search around the topic a bit. And my masterplan requires me to generate CO from H2 and CO2; reduction of O2, CO2 or H2O with C is not an option.what possible use would you have for making carbon monoxide? Hrm, let's see: he is taking CO2 + H2 -> CO + H2O, but he doesn't want to start with C. Trying to do some carbon sequestering of atmospheric CO2? CO can be added to meat packaging to prevent spoilage. CO can be used in some chemical reactions as a starting material. (One reaction I run sometimes is hydroformylation, where CO and H2 are added to an alkene to form an aldehyde). Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: firefop on October 17, 2012, 03:12:40 PM Hrm, let's see: he is taking CO2 + H2 -> CO + H2O, but he doesn't want to start with C. Trying to do some carbon sequestering of atmospheric CO2? CO can be added to meat packaging to prevent spoilage. CO can be used in some chemical reactions as a starting material. (One reaction I run sometimes is hydroformylation, where CO and H2 are added to an alkene to form an aldehyde). Ah, thank you... now I understand - he must be working on a cap & trade machine. . . Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on February 05, 2013, 04:24:53 AM Bump for any interest.
Anybody taking chemistry classes? Lots of people say chemistry is a really hard subject, maybe I could help? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: BitStick on February 05, 2013, 01:25:08 PM As a star collapses, we get heavier and heavier elements being created due to nuclear fusion. This isn't true, the heavy elements are only created when a star goes novae not collapses. What size of star is required to implode in order to create the element Unobtanium? About seven times the mass of our own sun, I can sell you some for bitcoins. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on February 05, 2013, 03:47:11 PM What size of star is required to implode in order to create the element Unobtanium? About seven times the mass of our own sun, I can sell you some for bitcoins. You sell massive stars or unobtanium? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: BitStick on February 05, 2013, 07:27:40 PM What size of star is required to implode in order to create the element Unobtanium? About seven times the mass of our own sun, I can sell you some for bitcoins. You sell massive stars or unobtanium? I hope your pulling my leg, have you seen the storage and transportation costs for neutron stars , white dwarfs, etc etc. Of course I'm talking about unobtanium. Its also the rarest type that can be sent by eMail once I receive my bitcoins. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: mintymark on February 20, 2013, 11:10:55 AM So today I actually do have a question for you. I'd like to know roughly what an answer will cost before you delve in.
I take two prescription medications and have done for years, you'll know what they are for but really thats not very interesting. Its funny I look quite carefully at where my bread is made and what is in it, my milk, and all my food, but this that I take every day, day in, day out I have no idea what it is made from or how. I dont have a choice of course, but, if it is in fact made by enviromentally dubious processes or in a way that impacts the health of the makers I'd like to know. Is it made from crude oil or from air or plants or what ? I've googled but not found much. The second drug is made in many places in the world, the first is a bit more unusual. The first drug's chemical name is 3-ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione The second's name is sodium 2-propylpentanoate So my question is this. What is the raw material, and where does that come from? And how, roughly are these chemicals produced. I am not interested in how they are put into capsules or anything like that, since that would be the same for any medicine. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on February 20, 2013, 08:22:24 PM So today I actually do have a question for you. I'd like to know roughly what an answer will cost before you delve in. I dont have a choice of course, but, if it is in fact made by enviromentally dubious processes or in a way that impacts the health of the makers I'd like to know. Is it made from crude oil or from air or plants or what ? I've googled but not found much. The second drug is made in many places in the world, the first is a bit more unusual. The first drug's chemical name is 3-ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione The second's name is sodium 2-propylpentanoate So my question is this. What is the raw material, and where does that come from? And how, roughly are these chemicals produced. I am not interested in how they are put into capsules or anything like that, since that would be the same for any medicine. Sodium 2-propylpentanoate is just a rather simple aliphatic organic acid. 3-ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione is also known as Ethosuximide. Quote from: wikipedia Ethosuximide, 3-ethyl-3-methypyrrolidine-2,5-dione is synthesized from methylethylketone and cyanoacetic ester, which undergo a Knoevenagel condensation. Then hydrogen cyanide is added. After acidic hydrolysis and decarboxylation of the synthesized dinitrile, 2-methyl-2-ethylsuccinic acid is formed. Reacting this product with ammonia gives the diammonium salt, and heterocyclization into ethosuximide takes place during subsequent heating. The synthesis uses several chemicals which are rather nasty, such as hydrogen cyanide and ammonia, but with proper care and safety precautions they can be handled on large scales with little risk. Both of your chemicals of interest are derived from petrochemicals currently. I would not say they are any more environmentally unfriendly than all the other plastics and such which people use all the time and are also derived from petrochemicals. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: tacotime on February 20, 2013, 09:22:52 PM Do you have experience with the preparation of samples for ESI mass spectrometry?
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on February 20, 2013, 09:36:59 PM Do you have experience with the preparation of samples for ESI mass spectrometry? No, but I do frequently run samples for mass spectrometry. Just your everyday GC-MS and LC-MS with electron ionization, nothing fancy. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: mintymark on February 21, 2013, 12:13:57 AM So today I actually do have a question for you. I'd like to know roughly what an answer will cost before you delve in. I dont have a choice of course, but, if it is in fact made by enviromentally dubious processes or in a way that impacts the health of the makers I'd like to know. Is it made from crude oil or from air or plants or what ? I've googled but not found much. The second drug is made in many places in the world, the first is a bit more unusual. The first drug's chemical name is 3-ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione The second's name is sodium 2-propylpentanoate So my question is this. What is the raw material, and where does that come from? And how, roughly are these chemicals produced. I am not interested in how they are put into capsules or anything like that, since that would be the same for any medicine. Sodium 2-propylpentanoate is just a rather simple aliphatic organic acid. 3-ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione is also known as Ethosuximide. Quote from: wikipedia Ethosuximide, 3-ethyl-3-methypyrrolidine-2,5-dione is synthesized from methylethylketone and cyanoacetic ester, which undergo a Knoevenagel condensation. Then hydrogen cyanide is added. After acidic hydrolysis and decarboxylation of the synthesized dinitrile, 2-methyl-2-ethylsuccinic acid is formed. Reacting this product with ammonia gives the diammonium salt, and heterocyclization into ethosuximide takes place during subsequent heating. The synthesis uses several chemicals which are rather nasty, such as hydrogen cyanide and ammonia, but with proper care and safety precautions they can be handled on large scales with little risk. Both of your chemicals of interest are derived from petrochemicals currently. I would not say they are any more environmentally unfriendly than all the other plastics and such which people use all the time and are also derived from petrochemicals. Thank you, tip sent ;-) So how do they ensure that there is no hydrogen cyanide in what I take ? ???? How is the Sodium 2-propylpentanoate made ? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: ironcross360 on February 21, 2013, 12:26:52 AM How do you make Am241 more powerful? Enough to give cancer
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on February 21, 2013, 05:14:51 AM Thank you, tip sent ;-) So how do they ensure that there is no hydrogen cyanide in what I take ? ???? How is the Sodium 2-propylpentanoate made ? Tip received, thank you ;-) During and after the synthesis, they will perform one or more separation steps which will remove any unreacted hydrogen cyanide. This may be by doing for example crystalization/filtration, column chromatography, distillation, extraction, etc. After the synthesis the product will be analyzed for purity using analytical techniques such as gas chromatography, atomic adsorption spectrometry, mass spectrometry, UV-vis spectrometry, etc. Sodium 2-propylpentanoate is made by taking the sodium salt of 2-propylpentanoic acid, also know as valproic acid. Quote from: wikipedia Valproic acid, 2-propylvaleric acid, is synthesized by the alkylation of cyanoacetic ester with two moles of propylbromide, to give dipropylcyanoacetic ester. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation of the carboethoxy group gives dipropylacetonitrile, which is hydrolyzed into valproic acid. The starting materials, cyanoacetic ester and propylbromide are both derived from petrochemicals. This reaction sequence is actually pretty efficient. Note that while cyanoacetic ester has 'cyano' in its name and is structurally reminiscent of cyanide (they both have a carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen) the chemical reactivity is completely different and it is not nearly so toxic. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on February 21, 2013, 05:25:39 AM How do you make Am241 more powerful? Enough to give cancer I am not sure where you are going with this? You want to use americium as a poison to give somebody cancer? Seems rather malicious. Quick look at wikipedia "Because of the low penetration of alpha radiation, Americium-241 only poses a health risk when ingested or inhaled." Make your victim swallow it? Hide it in their cigarette so they inhale it - actually that would be pretty sneaky. If they get cancer they will just explain it away as a result of the smoking, nobody will know you got them with a radioactive isotope! --- Disclaimer: This post was made in jest. I do not advocate hurting other people, even if they do have horridly stinky bad habits like smoking. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Thursday on February 23, 2013, 05:36:51 PM Awesome thread. Now we just need a Physicist and Biologist to start there own.
How do I make the tritium vials in my watch glow brighter? Would my watch register on a gieger counter? What's the most interesting thing about Chemistry? What's the best way to refine Gold? Is breathing helium bad for you? What's the heavy gas that makes your voice deep? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on February 23, 2013, 06:18:55 PM How do I make the tritium vials in my watch glow brighter? Would my watch register on a gieger counter? What's the most interesting thing about Chemistry? I am honestly not sure how you would make your watch glow brighter. I will have to look into that. I will also look into the watch and the geiger counter. The most interesting thing about chemistry? Depends on who you ask. I like the part of chemistry where you make useful stuff, which is probably why I ended up as a synthetic organic chemist. (Right now at work I am working on making OLED materials for displays, polyurethane adhesives for constructing cars, and a couple of compounds for agricultural use.) Quote What's the best way to refine Gold? I don't know a whole lot about metal refining, but here is a process to make pure gold: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohlwill_process (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohlwill_process) Quote Is breathing helium bad for you? What's the heavy gas that makes your voice deep? Breathing helium is only bad in the way it reduces the amount of oxygen you get. If you only breath helium for a long enough time you will pass out and then die. But taking a breath of helium out of a balloon to make your voice sound funny will not hurt you. The gas that lowers your voice is sulfur hexafluoride. (actually there are other gasses which will work, but this is the one people use because it will not harm you.) Helium raises the voice because it is lighter than air, molecular weight of 4 instead of 32 (oxygen) and 28 (nitrogen). Sulfur hexafluoride has a molecular weight of 146. The gas laws tell us that all gasses have the same number of mols per volume at a given temperature, so the density of each gas is a function of the molecular weight. The voicebox vibrates at the same rate, but when sound waves go from a less dense gas into a more dense gas they go up in frequency and so sound higher. The reverse happens when going from a dense gas into a less dense gas. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: mintymark on February 24, 2013, 12:34:55 PM > Is breathing helium bad for you?
While I agree with everything you said, how about impurities that normal helium (such as "Balloon Gas") may contain? I suppose it is pumped and compressed by lubricated pumps and contains a certain amount of oil-as-vapour. Would this be bad for you and is it even true? What other impurities might commercial Helium contain ? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Peter Lambert on May 02, 2013, 05:28:58 PM > Is breathing helium bad for you? While I agree with everything you said, how about impurities that normal helium (such as "Balloon Gas") may contain? I suppose it is pumped and compressed by lubricated pumps and contains a certain amount of oil-as-vapour. Would this be bad for you and is it even true? What other impurities might commercial Helium contain ? My guess is that you breath as many contaminants walking beside a busy highway as you do from sucking a balloonful of helium. People suck lungfuls of tobacco smoke daily over the course of decades before they develope lung cancer, so I doubt the traces of things in a balloon would do anything noticeable. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: NorthChileanG on May 07, 2013, 09:36:57 PM Well, the (pseudo)ephedrine question seems popular... Lets reverse it for fun and profit: what could be effective means to significantly hinder or stop easy removal of hydroxyl from any ephedrine stereoisomer and still keep reasonable bioavailability and vasoconstrictive properties for typical use?
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: jaywaka2713 on May 08, 2013, 12:03:00 AM I will donate to you just for providing this service to us. It won't be much, but hey, this stuff doesnt exactly come free (college is expensive!). Thanks for your service!
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Peter Lambert on May 08, 2013, 02:03:44 AM Well, the (pseudo)ephedrine question seems popular... Lets reverse it for fun and profit: what could be effective means to significantly hinder or stop easy removal of hydroxyl from any ephedrine stereoisomer and still keep reasonable bioavailability and vasoconstrictive properties for typical use? Yeah, I don't think that would work. These small molecules are very specific shapes to fit into the receptors in the body which lets them act as drugs. If you change the structure, it will drastically change the bodies response. Just look as pseudoephedrine and methamphetamine, they only differ by a single atom (pseudoephedrine has one more oxygen) but have very different bodily responses. Any molecule you could build which the body could convert back to pseudoephedrine, it would be at least as easy for a "chemist" to reverse the change. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: NorthChileanG on May 08, 2013, 08:59:22 PM Well, the (pseudo)ephedrine question seems popular... Lets reverse it for fun and profit: what could be effective means to significantly hinder or stop easy removal of hydroxyl from any ephedrine stereoisomer and still keep reasonable bioavailability and vasoconstrictive properties for typical use? Yeah, I don't think that would work. These small molecules are very specific shapes to fit into the receptors in the body which lets them act as drugs. If you change the structure, it will drastically change the bodies response. Just look as pseudoephedrine and methamphetamine, they only differ by a single atom (pseudoephedrine has one more oxygen) but have very different bodily responses. Any molecule you could build which the body could convert back to pseudoephedrine, it would be at least as easy for a "chemist" to reverse the change. Might it be, that indirect approach can be considered - typical ephedrine use has quite strict temperature, pH and other environment limits, that human body dictates. Lets say the molecular structure is unchanged but there are added substances, that for example are inert at body temperature but react unfavorably over 60c and reduce drastically possible methamphetamine production. I am sure purification by different ways is possible but if main goal is to rise production cost beyond usability for "chemist", what could be possible approaches? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Peter Lambert on May 08, 2013, 09:19:37 PM Well, the (pseudo)ephedrine question seems popular... Lets reverse it for fun and profit: what could be effective means to significantly hinder or stop easy removal of hydroxyl from any ephedrine stereoisomer and still keep reasonable bioavailability and vasoconstrictive properties for typical use? Yeah, I don't think that would work. These small molecules are very specific shapes to fit into the receptors in the body which lets them act as drugs. If you change the structure, it will drastically change the bodies response. Just look as pseudoephedrine and methamphetamine, they only differ by a single atom (pseudoephedrine has one more oxygen) but have very different bodily responses. Any molecule you could build which the body could convert back to pseudoephedrine, it would be at least as easy for a "chemist" to reverse the change. Might it be, that indirect approach can be considered - typical ephedrine use has quite strict temperature, pH and other environment limits, that human body dictates. Lets say the molecular structure is unchanged but there are added substances, that for example are inert at body temperature but react unfavorably over 60c and reduce drastically possible methamphetamine production. I am sure purification by different ways is possible but if main goal is to rise production cost beyond usability for "chemist", what could be possible approaches? I think answering this would require more understanding of the biochemistry involved in the interaction between the pseudoephedrine and the body than I currently have. My guess is that there is some receptor in the body which has an active site which binds to pseudoephedrine, so I doubt you could change the shape of the pseudoephedrine and still have it work the same. If just one end of the molecule is binding, then perhaps you could add something to the other end of the molecule which would prohibit it from being turned into methamphetamine, but I kinda doubt that. Just mixing another chemical with the pseudoephedrine will also not work, people are already doing some sort of separation to get the pseudoephedrine out of the pills. Basically, you will just have to admit there is no way to completely stop people from doing something you do not want them to do. Until people stop wanting to do drugs there will be a market for drugs, and if there is a market for drugs there will be people who will find ways to make them. The only solution is to teach people correct principals and they will correct their own behavior. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Matthew N. Wright on May 08, 2013, 09:22:35 PM Here's a chemistry question:
How can I get Scopolamine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine) to work without Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Peter Lambert on May 08, 2013, 09:37:02 PM Here's a chemistry question: How can I get Scopolamine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine) to work without That is not a chemistry question, that is more of a medical question. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Matthew N. Wright on May 08, 2013, 09:38:11 PM Here's a chemistry question: How can I get Scopolamine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine) to work without That is not a chemistry question, that is more of a medical question. Good point. I'll cross-post in the "Medical Consult" thread. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: Peter Lambert on May 09, 2013, 01:18:18 PM Here's a chemistry question: How can I get Scopolamine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine) to work without That is not a chemistry question, that is more of a medical question. Good point. I'll cross-post in the "Medical Consult" thread. But to answer your question, you just have to have a low enough dose for the drug to not kill the victim. From the article you linked, typical doses are very small, on the microgram level. Administering this against somebodies will is dangerous and should not be done. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on June 17, 2013, 09:04:48 PM I will donate to you just for providing this service to us. It won't be much, but hey, this stuff doesnt exactly come free (college is expensive!). Thanks for your service! Thanks for the good word :) Bump for anybody interested? Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: cp1 on June 17, 2013, 09:27:39 PM What is the pH of a 10^-9 M solution of HCl?
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: bitcoinbear on June 17, 2013, 09:46:00 PM What is the pH of a 10^-9 M solution of HCl? In water? About 7. To get more accurate than that would depend on the temperature and amounts of trace impurities like the carbonic acid that forms from the CO2 in the atmosphere. Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: cp1 on June 17, 2013, 10:04:25 PM Damn, that's one of my favorite trick questions.
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: tkbx on June 17, 2013, 10:10:00 PM How was oxygen and potassium's date?
Title: Re: I will answer chemistry questions Post by: cp1 on June 17, 2013, 10:10:45 PM It was OK?
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