Betting companies and Industry in Nigeria enjoy reduced tax rate. The National lottery Regulatory commision in charge of gambling activities in Nigeria demands that gambling companies pay atleast 7 percent of the license's net proceed, annually. Where the gambling companies pay lots of money is in obtaining license and permit. Prices differ for sport betting and lottery. But, they all fall at the range of million nairas in tens and unit. As for the players, no value added tax is demanded of them. Gamblers in Nigeria get their complete funds. The VAT would have been introduced in gambling this year, but it seems to be limited to maybe companies that may have not complied with paying their taxes. Not sure about it, but, quite possible. Then for the money generated in gambling or wagered money. The numbers here isn't correct, it's way too bigger than the actual amount spent each day. Nigerians wager, daily, around $5m daily. Forgive me, I didn't see the dollar sign earlier. Thought Naira was the currency. No they can't stake such an amount daily. If you read my last post you'd notice I wrote it believing that it's in Naira. Talking about what is been said in the article. I'd say that the Nigerian government still have strict rules on gambling adverts. Though gambling companies collaborates with telecommunication companies to also provide gambling Ussd code for non smart phone users. Yet the government got that angle covered and still watches over their activities. And it's written on the wall that the increase in the use of mobile phones increased the amount of money people stake everyday. If there were no fixed regulation monitoring the gambling company, the situation would have been hotter than it is, lots of people or more tender age players may/will have filled the gambling niche. In a nutshell, it's impossible to get watch of every gambling activities in Nigeria, to be able to detect underage players. Most of them participate, but to some extent.

Funny to see such reactions in the life of Nigerian gamblers. But, it truly defines their gambling attitude. It's not like the responsible gamblers who play to enjoy the game. You'd notice that those people needed a fast method to multiply their school fees, to fund other utilities. But whatever happens they're contributing squarely to the gambling economy of Nigeria. If they continue like this, more gamblers would emerge from the country. Consisting of both the disadvantages and advantages of gambling. Thereby, increases the accumulated wealth from gambling, especially sport betting. With the love of sporting activities thriving in the country. The best source of additional wealth to the government is stabilizing the Nigeria Premier league. But, it's long long gone. However, moral instructions still revolve around the country, people still try to maintain their mental health. Not to be affected by gambling addiction. like some responses above, the majority consists of young people that means the country may become a gambling country like Australia in future. Because the high rate of gambling in Nigeria is quite alarming. Including traditional gambling and lotto. I've confirmed that on news paper the money generated from gaming is much. But, unlike Australian government the Nigeria government don't invest a lot of the money back into moderating gambling in the country. If they did, It would have skyrocketed a healthy gambling in the country. Though in Naira, it's a huge amount, converting it to dollar is about $1 million, which may not be compared to the amount other first world countries spend in gambling. A single player in America can wager $1 million in one day. So, the poverty rate still contributes, but they are players who still enjoy their gambling Habit. I didn't get the line about source? what do you mean by that, you mean the government need to devise other methods of making money via gambling? The country has enormous means of generating wealth. They may not need such a plant to grow in the country. It can ruin their youths. Such things as that are not encouraged, although I get your point could be that since they are in love with gambling. They may also love to venture into such business. In my context it's wrong. The country is blessed.

Yeah that's the part of the article. That means the honest node if compromised can still cause vulnerability to my node. Or is it just impossible regardless of the condition of the honest node. Like BlackHatCoiner said, if all the nodes are compromised then they can pull off with such scam. How do we know that the node we're peering with is capable to safe guard our own node from such an attack. Although I get the drill. The nodes works like a bond or a chain, if one is compromised and another is free the compromised node is safe. The risk still pose to be that nodes are spread all over and one may not be lucky enough to select the right one. For instance some nodes run and stop along the line without the owners alerting their peers of the unavailability of their node. So, the best ideas is to connect to as many honest nodes as possible, I guess.

If Nigerians play such an amount every day, that means the government is generating enough money from the gaming niche. Because the country consists of both the rich and the poor. Not everyone is extremely poor in Nigeria. So, they'll be able to have fun playing games. It's just like checking how much Nigerians also spend on hotels and wines. You'd see that a high amount is also spent everyday. The government generates lots of money in Nigeria. Only people who don't know how big gambling is worldwide would doubt such digits. I won't doubt it, since the population is enough to spend such an amount. Many of them play games with vendors and they get paid. So far the person wins the game. Hence, if the numbers are real, it's still based on estimation. It's not realistic to say that they need gambling to survive in the country. That means the person won't survive. Since gambling has never been made for people to make lots of money. Most of them won't be able to meet up with daily expenses and food as well. Economic crisis doesn't mean markets won't sell and traders making profits. These traders also bet while in the market. You'd see that gambling is quite large in Nigeria with high volume of profits for vendors and bookmakers.


Corruption and lack of employment thrives in the third world, but in Nigeria the population is enough to generate shocking amount of money yet it won't be enough to feed the whole nation. Millions of Nigerians according to WHO live in extreme poverty. Such people need not try gambling. It doesn't occur to them that such things exist. As for the resources the Niger Delta part of Nigeria are still fighting for amnesty for the bad effects the oil business has on agriculture. These people depend on fish farming to survive. But, Oil ports and rigs have destroyed their fishing businesses. With the government feeling reluctant about it. The whole oil producing states still live in poverty. Minimal developments. Such people with their stipends, will easily try luck on gambling, things may get better along the line.

Yeah, the odds may differ, but calculating along with other qualities, they may not differ, we have a similar view, almost. The bookmakers switch their odds to stay unique. But we still have to follow what's obtainable as online gamblers. Trust and consistency in providing great services to players. Unless for compulsive gamblers, responsive gamblers, some, would stick around with reputable casinos. Most especially, players who see more in gambling than looking for the best odds to win big. Online gambling has lots of benefits whenever we get a nice casino. Moving out of the casino may alter the fun we have on the chat groups with friends. Moving back and forth may become boring on the long run as we can't do it all. Better casinos create some connections between players who are bored at home. Sharing different views on other things and gambling at large. It seldom increases our critical thinking skills, when we look into the brain power required to predict games. Reading and researching on details or claiming to know the outcome of our game helps, us, players to improve our brain as well. These things, despite people believing that gambling is all about addiction, helps gamblers to learn different technique of seeing things in the real life. Aside the money you'll notice the wealth of knowledge that follows gamblers. But, it seems we all want the funds, that's why players thwart from one bookmaker to another chasing shadows and losing out on the fun, connection, skills online gambling adds to players.

To learn in this forum you must read. Being an avid reader and a voluminous writer is an added quality. I find learnmeabitcoin.com very easy for anyone to read and understand. Acknowledge what you read about bitcoin; write them down. It'll help you memorize and understand the term for a long time.  Especially, when you follow and contribute to discussions.  Asking questions from what you've learnt would help you stay aloof or ahead of other newbies, who don't practice it. Also don't fail because other members failed; quitting to learn bitcoin. Keep on visiting the forum on your leisure time or day. The categories or boards in the forum should be a simple guide to you in the forum. Often, read the board that interests you. Don't hesitate to look up new bitcoin terms. It'll help you feel among, when discussing about crypto in the forum and beyond.  If you've got closed persons in your neighborhood, you can engage them in a bitcoin conversation. Talking to them about those basic bitcoin information is also a better strategy of fastening your growth here. As these students may ask reasonable questions in the discussion section, between you and them. Which may require that you find more answers here. The forum condones reasonable questions, and, the comments or thread should pass the plagiarism test of the forum. When in search of new bitcoin information, some good social media platforms like Twitter still have writers who post genuine thread on their profile to help educate people on bitcoin. The best other methods of learning bitcoin is through reading bitcoin books like mastering bitcoin. The book will give you upper hand in the tech behind bitcoin and how they all work in line to maintain the security of network. Good luck and welcome to the forum.

Catching up with odds is great, but what would do to the fees and commissions of the casino. While checking the odds, it's likely as important to look into the casino before funding them, because of odds. Remember bookmakers adjust odds depending on how gamblers play the game. Also, they know gamblers go for big odds, hence they easily use these odds as a form of marketing, to gain fresh customers from different platforms. Since, these people vary from team to team per platform, their results would vary too. So, we must know more about the game before staking games too. We need to win our bet. Playing good odds doesn't guarantee winning. Meaning that organizing our games is quite important. Following news on the team. Watching the impacts injured players would make to affect the odds of the game too. These are what the bookmakers use to set odds; both team's statistics. Taking records of their previous performances, strength and charisma is good to enhance our winning possibilities. Not just going from one odd to another. In search of big wins. In similar ways, the above points answers your question in my attitude towards prostituting from one bookmaker to another. I don't think its just the only factor that attracts me to a casino. I'd need to check how good their withdrawal process is to users. Observe the reviews on the casino before switching to try them out. Because it'll be embarrassing after winning with their odds and you find it impossible to withdraw your funds.  That's mainly the reason to it. We all play online, and fitting our interest is very crucial as gamblers. That's why you'd notice people sticking to the casino that provides them with a fair enough service that suits them.

I was reading few write-ups and answers on stackexchange and this forum thread where a hacker claimed to launch a tool that'll be able to disclose both the sender and receiver of a bitcoin transaction. Which is one of the reasons people Torify their bitcoin node, not because of the thread alone. But, to enhance privacy and maintain pure anonymity. Along the line the disadvantages of running nodes on Tor include Eclipse attack, which according to this source: Bitcoin over Tor isn't a good idea it would take about $2500 monthly to take control of the Tor network and be able to launch an attack on Bitcoin nodes connected to Tor. Like controlling which block and transaction are relayed to the user, and also discard or delay user's transaction and block. Hence, to avoid such attack like said in bitcoin wiki, we'll have to addnotes connection to trusted peers. How does it happen?, this is where I got confused.
How the connection with trusted peers boost the security of the node against Eclipse attack? I didn't get to see any writeup on that. If anyone can help on this, it'll be greatly appreciated. Thanks. 

I've never felt addicted to anything other than food and water because of how crucial it is in contributing to my happiness. Gambling is an activity I enjoy because it somehow funds my food and water. But, doing it so much that I'll run out of resources to gain those utilities; food and water is almost impossible. It's important to me to always watch my bankrolls while gambling. Despite the joy associated to gambling games like black roulette games. The kind of game I enjoy playing. I always keep it at a minimal. Games like Poker, are also great but most time I play with friends and family without staking any real money. Playing for the fun of it. That doesn't mean I've not lost some significant amount in gambling. Yet it doesn't feel like addiction to me, because I still feel in control. Feeling like you're addicted to gambling may have solved half of your gambling addiction problem. As it's a sign of self control. Also from the look of it, you were able to manage how you spent the money, but what doesn't sit right, is the fact you lost a 5 month savings on gambling alone. It's enough to make anyone feel addicted. Because such feelings of doing similar things often and often can be seen as addiction. But, to me, like someone may have said, you weren't addicted. Seems like you enjoyed gambling at that moment. Gambling addiction is not easily stopped. It has to do with the mental health and such players may not realize or feel like they're addicted. Some get sad when told that they're addicted to gambling. These are the symptoms of gambling addiction. Being unlucky with winning our stakes doesn't make us addicted to gambling.

You're right, nothing wrong is with OP, he only thinks of himself that way because of his losses. When we have the resources we do what makes us happy. That's what it is to the invisible hands controlling the market. The car owners he booked and clothe sellers also need to sell their products and as well spend it on what makes them happy. A business that needs a website to be happy would run to OP to get it done. These can't be controlled, it's all about how wealth circulates amongst people. I don't think Op needs a psychologist, I was reflecting on something yesterday on money spending. What do we do when we have no money to spend? this could be a good question enough to start a fresh thread, but would love to look into it here for the sake of OP. Sometimes when no money is in our possession we would manage the little funds with us and also think that we were extravagant when we had reasonable sum of money. We'll begin to see opportunities we lost, because of our drive to live a luxurious life. Does these habits change when the money comes right back? In a bit it will, but sooner we'll definitely go back to our previous ways of spending money. Hence, we'll see that the invisible hands operates around those with money and leaves people with no money alone. When we have no money, lesser people ask for our help financially compared to when we do have the funds. I do wonder about, how these people get to know that I just received money few hours back and they're seeking for my financial help. You'd notice that nothing is happening under anyone's control even OP. I can't offer him a direct response, as he's done nothing wrong. It's not his fault he ran out of sales. I know he'll be worrying about, why he didn't use those funds he felt wasted on friends in the club, to promote his business to reach better audience. I'd like to ask OP, if he used all that money to promote his business and never got a single sales from it. Would he think of himself of being irresponsible with his wealth?  Human nature feels vulnerable when restricted to different lifestyles that brings them happiness. And lack of money is the best moderator on such matters. Providing him with answers like you should learn to save next time and all that, will only worsen his private thoughts of himself. Especially, when he mentioned that we should be reasonable with the way we respond to his questions and previous behavior.

I can say OP should do that thing again. What fetched him clients and money. It's always great to notice what we do when we have no money, and things we do when we have money. It can never be similar. These are two different times in a man's life. It'll surprise you to know that, some people don't get bothered when no money is in their account. They still live a great life, due to the kind of friends and family they've got. But, it's important to also know that you can't live the way you think now, you'll live when another wealth traces its way to you. Only few men who can delay gravity. Would have money and still maintain to live their lifestyle like when they had no money. Peace.

If a player hits a Seasonal Affective Disorder in gambling, he'll never feel like gambling again. But, during the cause of his gambling habit, he lost so much money, he'll definitely stress himself thinking about it. Which outcome, may lead to depression. Nothing fuels the speed of depression like loneliness. That's why people who are depressed from different reasons, lost of loved ones, losing a fortune etc will heal easily if they open up to people about being depressed. I understood that most gambling addicts were depressed before joining gambling. Then their chase for loss also helped to skyrocket their depression rate. When they get to a point where gambling doesn't feel good to them anymore, they'll lock themselves in their room thinking about life and many other things. They've added gambling to the list of reasons that led them to be depressed. I always encourage such people, to open up and talk. Different therapies can reduce depression, hanging out with loved ones and keeping in touch with people can help us detect if a person is depressed. Being shy or embarrassed to share our problems with people only helps broaden the problem. A little form of kindness can get these people talking. Others may begin to talk, when they've conquered depression.  But a good number keep mute about their suffering and not every one is comfortable with defeat; they can't accept it. They'll go on and on thinking about it, especially if their favorite team losses a match. Such people may not get over it, coupled with the money lost as a result. In a nutshell, from the look of things, depression led most people to gamble. Seeking for transient joy. The same way some would go for alcohol or drugs, then people would blame it on what they can see. Depression is deep down, we can't see the cause of it. Only a victim of depression knows, actually, what led them into depression. We won't know until informed by the person. Calling on the secondary causes like gambling, drugs and alcohol as the enforcers is because we feel it's the cause, rather I'd say that they're the enhancers of the depression.

Exactly what defines existentialism; choices. And in his situation, he'll be confused on what choice to take. Have he ever bragged somewhere that he'll never have to do with gambling. It'll be a shame to him to jeopardize his thoughts and believe for his love for money. In the business world, nothing as such exists especially when in a legalized business conversation. We can't be or think like him, no one knows his deep reasons, could be a childhood upbringing. And if so, he'll never have rest after renting out to those lottery guys. One, like myself, would immediately say that he's not serious doing business. But, his choice that doesn't sound like a choice to me is still a choice.


Funny how it'll be better he continued his normal business there, instead of wasting the time of other business men who'd want to utilize the space. How sure is he that a better business possessing person that'll interest him would come his way, looking for the shop. Because the area is already occupied with grocery stores and a unique business like lottery is indeed the best for the slot. A grocery store owner wouldn't want that space. He should expect to receive more offers from gambling related proposals. When that happens, what would he do, leave the store vacant for long? Thereby wasting time and money, because of his ideas and belief. It's left for him.

It's important to help victims as a way of sympathizing with them by sharing methods or contributing to threads like this, as nobody can be too careful enough. Even an admin can fall for scam. Although, they're multiple ways these things happen, and I understand nobody would sympathize with a victim of a scam that promises them 3k BTC. But all form of scam still falls under the same category. And also gets us sad along the line. Since it's not the fault of some, calming them and helping out wouldn't be a bad idea.

No such thing as free lunch, look at the new method Twitter is paying influencers to participate in the revenue generated on the platform. Recently, I saw a fresh update regarding the kind of posts influencers have to make to be eligible for the funds. You'd notice that they'll begin to tighten it and make it more difficult for influencers to reach the earning threshold. I'm saying this, in line with your Idea with Axie infinity, which are not scam projects, but when it comes to money it's never too easy to get. That's why people must stay clear of easy money making methods as It could be a scam method. Since, many newbies think of the internet as an easy place to make money, the market for scammers will continue growing. With enormous different ideas. These ideas also make it possible for them to gain recurring victims, as not every victim gets wiser after getting scammed the first time. Hence, awareness can save a newbie.

I don't see it a bad idea to discuss such, since it's related to OP's friend. Additionally, It's also not bad to decide who we lease our shop to. What matters is not the profit, but how he'll feel after getting paid. I've seen house owners winnow out the kind of tenants they want to stay in their house. Same can be applicable to stores. Although, this could be more complex to answer since lottery is legal in the region, but illegal in the store owner's thoughts. If he doesn't want them there, I think the lottery guy can find somewhere else. The owner may have a bad experience about gambling, such as getting arrested, as the owner, if anything goes wrong in the store. If he's in need of money, he would not think twice in letting the lottery guy pay for the shop. Maybe he's not looking out for quick funds, and would be able to wait for another person with the kind of business that suits him. The whole thing wouldn't have been an argument if he's collected money from the lottery guy. It's better earlier than later. Assuming I'm the lottery guy and I get to know that the owner of the shop is having double mind leasing the shop, I wouldn't hesitate to look elsewhere. Because staying there or trying to convince Op's friend, can cause troubles along the line. He may break some of the rules that governs such businesses, like harassing the lottery owner for doing something wrong, in future. Deep down he's not comfortable seeing them around his belongings, one way or another he might cool off his anxiety on the lottery guy. Which is quite very wrong for both parties. Hence, the ideas is better dissolved now, by letting the lottery owner go in harmony. In search of other stores.  

Giveaway scam is evolving everyday on different social medias, with cybercriminals coming up with great ideas. Which ideas, I think are no longer financed by human brains, but AI. Hence, they'll never run out of AI generated Ideas, on how to con cryptocurrency investors. I found a very real looking tweet of Elon Musk promising a party to users and a link under the tweet. Such tweet, when not looked into, one may think Elon tweeted it. Newbies should be careful of 4000BTC giveaways demanding for 1BTC to be eligible to win the giveaway. The scammers only play with people's fantasies. And when I thought their ideas, came to a halt. Chatgpt was birthed. Scammers took advantage of the AI, by asking it bad questions and earning ideas in return. Although the admins of OpenAI claim to be working on that, but new research shows that, even if the AI is trained not to give answers to questions regarding scam ideas, and terrorism in English, bad players can ask with alternative languages like Zulu. And the AI would respond using that language. Thereby increasing the rate of Giveaway scam ideas. So, newbies and everyone should stay careful of phishing emails, tweets etc promoting a giveaway. It's unlikely to get a genuine crypto giveaway. It's better to stay clear of it, as the few information required of you to join the giveaway can be used to sweep your cryptocurrency. Most of them are now equipped with AI generated Ideas, from what I understood from this article



Image from a crypto giveaway article by coinbase https://www.coinbase.com/blog/crypto-giveaway-scams-and-how-to-spot-them

Isn't the account going to get banned for being logged in by another person. I remember handing out my account login to a person to help set up ads. The next day Instagram banned the account. Don't know if you also thought about that. I mean what would be the buyers faith after paying for the account and they get banned?

Bitcoin nodes play vital roles in the verification of transactions in bitcoin network. Verifying and adhering to the consensus rules set aside to guide transactions and blocks is the main or primary duty of a bitcoin node. In line with what he said, your node will participate in going through all transactions and block to determine if they'll be accepted to join the block with the most chain work; honest block. You're not required any task. It's left for miners to add new transactions to the blockchain. While the node verify if the transactions are eligible to be included to the block; before agreeing to add them in the blockchain. Nodes follow the block with the most work, which creates a possibility for 51% attack. But, it's almost impossible for a single individual or institution to possess a computing power that is more than all the computers used by miners across the globe, that can validate a block's difficulty; the number of hash-rate required to mine a block. Even possessing 39% of the computing power can perform a 51% attack thereby enforcing double spending. When a node sees such a block from a suspicious miner it'll involuntarily accept it to the block as the block with the most work and the miner can take the advantage of reversing his funds or double spend.

I don't think so, from the survey each merchant requires such an amount to build a payment processor, that'll be able to convert the bitcoin to fiat. Immediate, maybe. Expected to see this question. I thought about it and wasn't sure of what they needed such an amount to build. But, to be sincere, I've not seen a payment processor like that. Even people who offer it as a service, still requires the merchant to withdraw their funds. Don't know actually how they'll want to build the system. Since they don't want to hold the bitcoin, they'll need an asap payment swap; crypto to fiat. If anybody has worked on such a system I can't tell. Weighing the worth of building such, could get to an amount like that. Building an intelligent system, that'll trade their crypto to their bank account.


Delloitte's statistical performances are great, and they may have not been able to withstand the distruction auditing CEX would have brought them. Hopefully from the experiences with hackers and thieves, Delloitte won't look into such crypto departments. Currently, no one can vouch for any successfull crypto exchange to stay a certain period in the market. Without having numerous bad publicity regarding missing funds.


Ordering stuffs online and you find a bitcoin payment option along masters card, paypal etc, what would you choose?. A lot of transaction go on with bitcoin. Merchants with online services get bitcoin users easily. I know people think of offline businesses, when talking of merchant adoptions. In future, people won't often go to shops, to get some products. The user you mentioned above, could be hodling. And doesn't intend to sell or purchase stuffs with his coins. The users in quote include hodlers. But, when we begin to see fancy bitcoin payment mediums in offline stores, we can easily pay with our devices. LN is helping the growth of making fast payments too. Personally, I use bitcoin to pay for different products online and have seen multiple clients ask me if I take bitcoin for my products. Hence, the responses on the thread is not enough to generalize on the way clients wants to use bitcoin. The forum always send thumbs up to those who don't spend their coins. Isn't it a criterion that can affect the responses of some users in the thread, coming up with impressive responses regarding not spending their bitcoin.

From the viewers view, we all know the winner of the match. What happened to the loser losing, isn't a concern. Underestimation doesn't exist in fighting. Maybe Ngannou didn't prepare his best as well. He would have launched more TKO on Fury. Good he targeted his ear well, the fall was fun. Coupled with the dance steps. These are what makes these events good to watch.  As for results, we'd know from Ngannou's subsequent matches as he advances in boxing. Or gain the favoritism of the judges. None of us work as the judges, we take the results, as they decide. Unfortunately, but fortunate, I didn't pay to watch the live match. I would have been disappointed to take a fabricated result, after watching the efforts of Ngannou in spicing up the game. And making viewers feel a worth of their money. He did a good job! Looking from your angle of thoughts, I'd say that if it were judged that way, isn't UFC a close relative to boxing. A lot happening behind the scene. Especially in gambling.

Few minutes to my bed time, few words on the Deloitte research struck thoughts of future adoptions in me. Don't know if it's speculative, but seems like a real occurrence, we can relate to it. First on the "merchants getting ready for crypto survey", about 60% of merchants wanted to integrate bitcoin because their customers demanded for crypto payment. But, they required a payment system that can swap immediately the crypto to fiat. No realistic intention of the merchants holding bitcoin. All requirements like in customer and client relationship is entertaining the ideas of clients to retain liberties with them. And raising up such a payment system, according to the survey, would costs merchants $500,000 as of 2021. So as to Cut costs from 3rd party payment processor; fees.

Second, Merchants also realized that bitcoin also serves as a big cow, the business will milk profits from bitcoin price increase, for a long period. As of the time of the survey total number of bitcoin users slayed at 220 million around the globe. With young people, the majority. Today it has doubled to 420 million, according to a google search. With young people, retaining the majority.

Third, merchants believe that not adopting bitcoin or crypto, will affect a business growth in future. Since the younger generation dominates the market in huge numbers. Looking at the evolution, the younger generations would become older generations. Then their offspring will also have to use bitcoin, because their parents does. It will skyrocket the adoption of bitcoin amongst users, thereby affecting business that failed to learn or integrate bitcoin in their businesses.

Finally, one might say that they'll integrate bitcoin when the time comes, but the costs of doing that may have increased too. As of now merchants need about 500k to 1 million dollars to build a satisfactory payment system to suit customers and the business alike. I think, somehow, somewhere, some merchants would be dropped out of the trend.

I know of other possibilities of bypassing such payments processors, in form of an argument your ideas are welcomed. Happy Sunday!

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/technology/us-cons-merchant-getting-ready-for-crypto.pdf