Speaking of dumping US dollar, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) which is one of the groups of countries that are dumping it has been expected to surpass G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and US) for some time and recently the stats show that it already happened. This is partly because the Western Economy has been shrinking and partially because BRICS economy has been growing.
This is expected to continue at a faster pace in the future, specially as the deindustrialization of Europe continues).

Considering how tokens and silly things like the Ordinals attack have never contributed to anything in the real world and have never provided any real utilities, it is obvious that nobody wants them except the gamblers who are making bets on anything they can. They might as well do it on highly volatile tokens that can see huge pumps and dumps.
If an alternative is provided to these gamblers, they won't hesitate to abandon the "Token Casino" in a blinking of an eye.

That's not exactly manipulation though since the miner already has to update the timestamp inside the block header every second (or couple of seconds) to be more accurate anyway.

There are still a lot of market manipulators who are desperately trying to prevent the price from rising and even though this part may sound like a conspiracy theory but I wouldn't be surprised to find out that there are state actors among them also.
But with the banking system in US slowly falling apart and specifically the US dollar getting weaker every day as more countries abandon it, the bitcoin price is bound to rise up. Seeing big surges can be around the corner soon too.

hmm. What kind of success is it that European industries have to shut down, companies have to fire large number of their employees, inflation rate has to go up, many countries in EU enter recession, GDPs shrinks, mass protests are in streets of Europe every day, small businesses have their bills grow 10+ time, ...?

It is not a particular OP code that allows this, it is the fact that standard rules weren't written to place a limit on the Taproot script witness size to prevent this type of attack otherwise the junk is being pushed to the stack using a simple Pushdata OP.

As for one signature that you keep repeating, you are confusing Schnorr and the changes it applied to multi-sig with Taproot.

Almost all of them. For example every week between 1 to 2 million people protest across France to which the French police reacts with brute force. The number of people wounded and maimed (like those losing an eye) in French protests is the highest in the history of the world.
As we speak there is a violent protest going on in Netherlands.
Yesterday there was a protest in south-east Germany where hundreds against delivering arms to Ukraine. There has been more protests in Germany with hundreds of thousands of people.
There are regular protests in Spain where they burn US and NATO flag.
There has been mass protests and strikes across UK over the past year.

And a lot more that you can find on the internet specifically social media despite the mass media censorship by European governments.

It depends on the data you want to fetch and then use in your presentation and how accurate you want your information to be.

For example something like "number of blocks per day" is very hard to miscalculate while "block size" even though it is a very simple "data" it is apparently something these online data sources (like bitinfocharts that was mentioned) easily miscalculate as I recently found out and pointed out here. Or glassnode that reports some of its so called "analysis" based on news not hard data acquired from research and blockchain analysis, such as their reports on "hashrate per country" which is very inaccurate.

Another problem is the bias some of these tools sometimes have. For example if you check out reports by a blockchain analysis company working to deanonymize bitcoin, you can see their reports are always biased towards convincing the reader that bitcoin is used for illegal activities and they can track everything.

Apart from bias we also have maliciousness. For example there are malicious websites reporting extremely high fee rates as an attack on bitcoin trying to inflate it. Or there are altcoin centered websites (like bcash sites including bitcoin.com) that are known for providing misinformation.

For an end user it is and should be simple. You simply choose a good wallet that does that all for you automatically. Something like Electrum. Then you don't need to worry about knowing what the fee rates are, what to set the fee based on mempool state to get high priority, etc.

Otherwise it all comes down to manually analyzing the mempool and speculating the fee rate from the time you create your transaction until the next block is found. For example during an ongoing spam attack or a transaction surge you should consider the slope apart from the current state and possibly pay a slightly higher fee if you want to ensure your tx is confirmed.
But as I said for most users using a decent wallet should be more than enough.

You are confusing a fix with a change. The Ordinals attack was not easy to perform before Taproot fork and the mess up by the devs implementing it. If anything there needs to be a fix to the mess left by the previous change (aka the soft fork).

I agree with the first part not the second. Take ICO scams, nobody really wants them and yet they have managed to stay alive for many years.
It is very naive to think the problems are going away on their own if we ignore them lol. It's like finding a cancerous tumor and instead of aggressively fighting the cancer and removing the tumor, you sit around and hope for it to go away!

I'm interested to see what the result of this vote is going to be although I think it may have been too soon to ask this question since most users don't know what Ordinals is yet and more importantly they haven't yet faced the consequences of this attack.

When looking at the fee chart history we can clearly see that despite seeing very high fees like 50+ sat/vbyte, fee rates regularly drop back down to <5 sat/vbyte which means the effects haven't yet been severe.
Let the attack get worse and let the tech support board get filled with topics with the title "why is my tx stuck" like 2017 and then we'll see what people truly think about this attack

The national debt is less like a "loan" and is more like money printing.
When a government faces deficits (eg. when their expenditures exceed their revenues) they have to "borrow money" to cover that deficit. In a way they are borrowing money from all citizens.

But this money they are borrowing comes out of thin air meaning they print it so when the government spends that newly printed money they are effectively increasing the national debt and the circulating money supply.

As you know from supply and demand, increasing supply means lower value. Hence inflation.

Here is a live website to monitor national debt of each country: https://www.usdebtclock.org/world-debt-clock.html

Interest rates can only affect the inflation rate so much before it becomes ineffective. Roughly below 4% is the sweet spot that can have a significant effect but from there the effects diminish until 5% is nearly completely ineffective.
The biggest problem is that people who didn't have any money and were struggling with increasing prices are now forced to pay even more money (interest) they don't have!

There is a long list of POTUS they need to call out starting from Clinton and Nixon or at the very least from Bush who single handedly gave a dumb order that is the reason why US wasted $10 trillion (a little less than a third of US current national debt) over the past 20 years.

A fork is a bad idea because it would prevent future extensions to Taproot (witness version 1) which is the reason why this mess was allowed in first place. Not to mention that forks take a very long time to reach consenesus.

As I've said many times the correct solution should have been using standard rules to prevent this type of spam like what we have been doing all these years!
You see Ordinals attack could have happened before Taproot too but it was successfully prevented by standard rules. But after Taproot for some unknown reason the devs decided to not add any standard rules when verifying Taproot scripts (eg. a DISCOURAGE_BIG_SCRIPTS flag) and we are seeing this unwanted attack vector...

I believe the bank think in US is still on a small scale that is not any reason to compare it to 2008 collapse but at the same time we already know that US economy is in a very terrible shape which is obvious from the high inflation while FED desperately tries to lower it by increasing the interest rate to high values and still fails.

This is the important question.
We know that dedollarization has been happening for some time which is both a good news and a bad news. Good news for the rest of the world that they will be affected less by USD collapse the more they dump USD. Bad news for US economy since the world dumping USD would create hyped inflation in US since the dollar value collapses and in a couple of years it could be worth even less than Venezuelan fiat called Bolivar.

That is still a proposal and not a law. Besides it is not a global thing, it only affects like 4% of the world!

LN doesn't need or use third parties. There was ways to use it through a third party just like there are ways to use bitcoin through a third party (eg. using centralized and custodial Coinbase wallet).

The arguments you are making about hashrate, price and the future are not new. They are nearly as old as bitcoin! And yet we have seen both price and hashrate go up consistently, we've even seen hashrate go up when bitcoin has a bear year.
The fact is that things that affect hashrate are a lot more than just price and they are complicated enough to prevent speculation like this. Even at the current price the profitability of mining bitcoin varies massively from a tiny amount for those with high electricity price to those with basically free electricity (eg $0.0014/KWH). That alone renders all your speculation about future profitability wrong.

Check out comments from 2017 and you'll see that everyone wants to see their transactions processed within reasonable time at a reasonable cost. Nobody wants to send a transaction at a high cost and still see it get stuck for days not confirming.
That's what spam attacks do to bitcoin. They can even prevent the growth and even cause price to dump.

Signature does not contain the public key. The signature scripts in bitcoin transactions usually come with a public key.

There is no encryption being done in message signing.
Encryption is the process where you create a "cipher text" which can then be decrypted using the private key to get the original message. However, in a signing operation we should already know the message and the verification is done using the public key.
The operations are called signing and verification not encrypt/decrypt.

As I explained. Also in any decryption algorithm you use the private key to not the public key to decrypt.

That wasn't the best example of this attack to use if you wanted to make a point.

First of all the fee rate is 7 sat/vbyte which is the correct rate to look at not the per byte one blockchain.com reports.

But since I know you don't understand the vbyte measure you can compare the total amount of fee paid by this tx to the rest of the transactions. It paid 0.0019964BTC which as you can clearly see, in a block with 935 transactions this spam tx is among the top 20-ish transactions with the most amount of fee paid in total.

In other words these attackers don't mind paying something like $41 to spam the blockchain.

P.S. I just realized that blockchain.info (now .com) that is known for being super lazy in implementing stuff (like SegWit, even correct fee estimation in their wallet) has already added the code to recognize Ordinals spam and even show the junk image inside them. It is very surprising to see them jump onboard of this spam attack this quickly basically encouraging this behavior while having a history of acting maliciously towards bitcoin useful features in general.