To be able to help you, please answer the following questions:

• Does it also give a 'insufficient memory' error ?
  In this case: Remove a few applications from your nano s. You can install them afterwards again. Your coins stay safe.
  
  
• Did you use an USB port from the back of your PC (assuming you aren't on a laptop/tablet) ?
  Those directly at the mainboard are the ones most guaranteed to work properly.
  
  
• Did you use the original ledger cable ?
  Some cables you may know from mobiles phones are charge-only cables (they don't have the data pins).
  
  
• Did you actually check the device manager for a yellow exclamation mark?
  
  
• Do you hear a sound when plugging in your nano s ?
  
  
• What is your current firmware version ?
  
  

He didn't say a word about storing them on a laptop. 

The other question is whether it is necessary to frequently monitor a cold wallet containing 1000 BTC's along the way.

A currency/token where 40% of the supply is held by the developer is only as 'strong' as these developers are.
But a platform/currency/.. without developers who own such a big stake there is no influence (assuming open source).
If its closed source, it requires trust.




Get as much information as possible. Basic information like who they actually are, their degree, .. .
See how they behave, their statements. How they react to negative criticism.




If the developers hold a significant % of all circulating coins and stay anonymous. Then you are out of luck. Trust them or don't.
If the developers do not hold a significant % of all circulating coins, it doesn't matter whether they are anonymous or not because they don't have any influence.

If you have access to your private keys you can easily import them into any other wallet.
As pooya87 already mentioned, electrum is a good one to start with for your desktop pc.

You can visit https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet to find a suitable wallet for your preferences / device.

Chances may be high that you had an online wallet and now have some sort of a 'backup seed' (private keys start with 5.., K and L?
Did you register yourself with your email anywhere to store bitcoins? You might try to search the inbox of your mail account for 'bitcoin'.

Or do you have a backup file? If this is the case: How is it named? Does it have a file extension? What OS did you use?

Actually the fee depends on (1) the fee rate in sat/B and (2) the weight of the transaction.




You always pay the transaction fees to the miner who mines a block including your transaction.




A change is simply just a second output (besides the first-/main- output which is the actual balance you want to transfer).
E.g. You have received 1 BTC and want to send 0.3 BTC.
You make a transaction with one input (1 BTC) and two outputs (0.3 BTC and 0.7 BTC(your change), ignoring fees).

What kind of OTP are you using?
Timebased one time passwords (TOTP) or HMAC-based one time passwords (HOTP) ?

When using TOTP you have to make sure your mobile phone has the correct date/time set.
An offset of 30 seconds could lead to ~50% of codes you enter to be invalid.

With HOTP the date doesn't play a role. However all of your requests should work this way.


The amount however shouldn't play a role at all.
If you are using HOTP method or are sure your system has the correct date set, you might be facing a bug.

The bitcoin network does not know which addresses 'belong together' inside a wallet.
BTC's do exist as UTXO's (unspent transaction outputs). If you want to move them from one address to another one (regardless whether you have control over the private key of the receiving address or not) it does require a transaction.

The only way to transfer ownership of UTXO ('bitcoins') between 'addresses' is to create and sign a transaction with the corresponding private key.

Correct. The blockchain is 'just' an immutable distributed ledger with records of transactions.
It is not a piece of software.




Yes. https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin is the official github of the bitcoin core client.

It is definetely safer to receive transactions directly to your hardware wallet.
Receiving them to an online wallet first only creates additional attack vectors. There is no downside when directly receiving to your ledger nano.

Technically you are NOT in control of your BTC if you have stored them on coinbase.




Ledger generates a new receiving address for each transaction. This is purely done for privacy reasons.
You can receive as much transaction as you want to one single address. Your addresses will stay 'valid'. They do not expire.

You only have to start the application when you want to spend your funds.
No wallet/application has to be opened to receive transactions.

The cooling itself depends several factors.
As DannyHammilton already mentioned, it is not profitable to mine BTC with a computer.
This doesn't only apply to BTC but also to a lot of other altcoins which have a quite high hashrate.

Regarding ASICs, the cooling at least depends on:

• the amount of asics you have running
• the amount of space between your asics (where air can circulate)
• your ambient temperature

You'll at least need some fans to cool a mining rig. Without any cooling the devices will have a notable shorter lifetime.

You can start your client in testnet mode either by using the -testnet argument. Or, for 'permanent' change, add testnet=1 to your bitcoin.conf file.
The bitcoin.conf file can be found in bitcoins application directory.
Usually %APPDATA%\Bitcoin\ for windows and $HOME/.bitcoin/ for linux.

To get some testcoins, visit https://tpfaucet.appspot.com/.

Further useful information: https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-examples

How exactly do you implement 'transactions'?
For me, this sounds like spent transaction outputs and unspent transaction outputs (UTXO's). Yet you have only changed the name.
Besides changing the word, what is the technical difference between UTXO and your 'unspent transactions' ?

We'd happily contribute. A more detailed explaination would be appreciated.

Those aren't just rumors.
IOTA and ADA are both on ledgers roadmap.

They are working on an application for those coins. They are confirmed. But this still can take a few months until they are out.
As far as i know there is no submitted code being reviewed by ledger yet.

 






You do realize that 'reducing the value after the decimal point' does give you less (smallest) possible units?
It doesn't matter whether you have 100.000.000 ShitCoins with 100.000.000 shitoshis each or 100.000.000.000.000 shitcoins with 100 shitoshis each.
You are basically just changing what you define as one shitcoin (1 shitcoin = x shitoshis).

You are not only missing the whole point, but also seem to be unable to set up a proper crypto currency design.

Please do not create another forked coin (excluding educational purpose, of course). It won't have any value.

An overflow is accomplished when you perform an arithmetic operation (e.g. multiplying) which results in an result bigger than possible to be represented by the chosen size of the data type.

So you have either to choose another data type or use a work around.

Mind telling us what you are trying to create? Another bitcoin fork?

I have answered your question in your other thread.
Somehow i didn't notice you have replied in there. You could have simply bumped it instead of creating a new one.

Non-hosted simply means that it is not hosted (on a 3rd party hosting service).
Like a small server at your physical place, which is only used for this one task.




This fully depends on what kind of service you are running.
Since you can have a setup with hot-/cold wallet, you can let people withdraw at any time (and batch transactions every X minutes).
You just have to keep your hot wallet filled enough to let people withdraw, but not too filled enough to lose too much in case of an incident.




What actually is used when deriving public keys is the xpub (extended public key).
You can read about it here: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki#Extended_keys.

This statement is (1) unnecessary and (2) wrong.

There are a lot of ways to lose money (BTC) while still having your seed.
Especially since OP mentioned he is using v2.7.9 of electrum (which does have a vulnerability).

If an attacker is able to get access to your seed (which is possible under some circumstances with the old vulnerability) he can easily transfer all the BTC's out.
You will be left with a seed containing 0 balance.

Safe and secure do not mean the same!

Keeping a backup of your seed = safe.
Being protected against an attack = secure.

Did you try out btcrecover?

If you have any clue about your password there is a realistic chance of bruteforcing it.

Do you remember anything regarding your password(s) ?

• Minimal/maximal length of your password ?
• Characters you definetely used (or definetely didn't use) ?
• Any pattern (like numbers at the end) ?
• Special characters (do you only choose between a few of them) ?

Any information can be helpful in decreasing the search space and therefore also decreasing the required time to bruteforce a password.

Import your xpub key into the software of your VPS.
You will be able to derive public keys (and therefore addresses to deposit to) on your VPS without needing to store the private key online.

You can get the xpub of your ledger nano s from the Bitcoin wallet (chrome) application: 'My Account' -> 'Account settings' gives you the option to export a public key.
Afterwards you will be able to derive addresses from this xpub. The actual command depends on your programming language / libary.