Any analysis of this type has to be based on the change not the version. Meaning the researcher shouldn't check when people upgraded from version x to version x+1, instead they should study what changed in x+1 that could encourage or discourage people from making the upgrade.

Imagine we are on version 50 and version 51 is adding new RPC commands, fixes some UI bugs, optimizes the wallet, etc. Then there is version 52 that is introducing and activating witness version 5.
In this scenario, people are more willing to upgrade to v. 52  than to v. 51 because of WHAT changed.

I skimmed through the article and the author seems to have recognized this effect although they were not able to figure out the reason (claims it is due to "user friendly plug and play node hardware and software" which I disagree with).

Another thing to keep in mind is that it IS a good thing to have not-upgraded full node implementation running. New versions may contain unintended bugs and when old versions continue to exist, they ensure the chain continues growing on the "correct chain" if the bug were exploited.
Example:
https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5032443.0
Nodes older than 0.14.0 were unaffected.

That's the classic trait of a Ponzi Scheme.

We had that in Bitcoin with "bitcoin doublers" in early years. In Ponzi Schemes, they take your money and promise to pay you a big profit. They do indeed pay you a big profit but that scheme can not last forever...

You mean the Hannibal Protocol where Israeli terrorists are ordered to eliminate any of their own forces that are left behind? No, that massacre did not start this conflict. It started ~75 years ago when the Zionists infested Palestine and started ethnically cleansing the locals that included Arabs, Jews, Muslims, Christians, etc.

On token platforms such as Ethereum, the main "coin" is not a coin like other cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, litecoin, monero, etc. Meaning in this example ether is not a coin, it is instead fuel for smart contracts. So when you want to send a token (that's the smart contract) created on a token platform you have to use that "fuel" to feed into the transfer. Which is also known as "gas".

That's a philosophical view
Otherwise in Bitcoin smart contracts, for example OP_DUP is OP_DUP. Is part of the protocol, is verified by full nodes and the rules of it is enforced by them. If you break its rules (eg. empty stack), your transaction becomes invalid and rejected.

The exploit in the protocol is that it allows them to inject an arbitrary size data into the chain without any size restrictions (except block weight of course). That's the very least exploit that needs to be fixed.

Otherwise, when they are limited there will be less and less reason to use this type of spam attack. For example they could use OP_RETURN as I mentioned earlier without needing to exploit anything. It's been around forever and people have used it to create "colored coins" which is basically the same garbage as XYZ-20 nonsense.
Most popular one is Tether/USDT.

What we have in step 4 is still an octet string (the hex) which means each value (2 characters) represents 8 bits. If we add OP_0 (0x00) in this step, we would be adding 8 bits which is wrong because witness versions are 5 bits added when the input's octet string was broken into 5-bit chunks.

If you look at the values in step 5, the first one is 0b00011000 which is 0x18 meaning OP didn't add OP_0 in step 4.
It was instead correctly added in step 6 as 0b00000 when we already have the 5-bit chunks 0b00011 0b00001 etc.

The second row texts look better.
It may be just me but I'm not liking the main yellow color of the faces

Armed forces of Yemen have been only targeting any ship belonging to the apartheid regime of Israel or any ship that is heading for them to help them continue committing genocide in Palestine. The coalition of terror (which is mainly US and UK) that support genocide, tried deterring Yemeni forces by launching a small attack on cities and civilian structures in Yemen. But the only thing that it achieved was adding their names to the list of legitimate targets which is why US and UK ships are being attacked on a daily basis while every other ship passes the Yemeni territorial waters in complete security.

That's exactly why when the barbarians started moving out they headed to both Africa and West Asia for the vast resources in these two regions, and haven't gone out of most of it (kicked out from some and are being kicked out from more these days).

Also the reason why the wrong term "Middle East" was invented which means the combination of West Asia and North Africa, aka the main colonizing destination.

US GOV: Do you know why we sustained $12 trillion in damages?

US tax payers: I don't know "trillion"? Just shut up and take my money...

Here is the source code for the reference implementation of Bitcoin protocol: https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin do you see any consensus rules in it anywhere that is allowing you to create a token? Do you see any Bitcoin full nodes enforce the protocol they refer to as "SRC-20", "BRC-20", etc.?
If you don't, then it is not part of Bitcoin protocol. It is just arbitrary data.

Block capacity has to increase based on adoption and usage increase to answer that.
We don't have that today. What we see as "congestion" is the result of a spam attack. The nature of it is the same as what we experienced in 2017, the only difference is in the method of the attack. And we shouldn't increase the capacity based on congestion caused by an attack. We should "prevent" the attack. Ordinals Attack (which is the reason for the congestion) can only be prevented by fixing the exploit in the protocol they're abusing. The rest can only be prevented by the fee market.

There is a possibility of an economic catastrophe where a lot of markets crash around the world but "crash" doesn't mean there is a bubble. Bubble is when price is a lot higher than the intrinsic value and apart from a handful of cases, there is no bubble globally speaking.

That's a weird comparison since NFT is not an asset, it is a useless abstract whereas cars, real estate, etc. are useful and at the end of the day even if they crash, they still remain valuable but NFTs being useless crash and die.

By the way when you talk about 80% crash in real estate market you should be specific about where, so we can discuss its possibility. After all it is not a global market!!!

Chaos in West Asia in the form you are talking about has only existed over the past roughly 200 years. Not any longer. The ancient civilizations in the region have had their wars for thousands of years but it has never been close to the chaos in the past 200 years, it was just normal wars that are found in all human history.

But basically the chaos in its current form started by the time when resource starved Western Barbarians started their colonizing campaign and started moving eastward, roughly 200 years ago.

Let me answer that. Nothing will happen to these. The first two will remain centralized shitcoins and the last one will remain a rather useless copy of bitcoin. Every now and then there is either some hype that brings some attention to these coins (eg. LTC halving, ETH forking, some celebrity advertising it) or a pumping group picks up one of these shitcoins and pumps them. During that small period of time they become very profitable as they get pumped. After the pump ends and the dumps begin, they go back to being useless shitcoins with no profit to be made by bag holding them.

Just as oil price going from $80+ down to $76 a couple of weeks ago wasn't a big drop to solve the energy crisis, the rise back up to $80+ was also not a "price soaring" as you put it.
This $4-$5 fluctuation (~5%) is too small to change anything. The price is still too high to solve the energy crisis, and not that high to make it any worse.

Besides, the situation in Middle East West Asia is a very controlled situation that has not yet affected energy routes, energy production or even the producers. It has only affected trade routes for some countries (mainly US and UK) since they attacked Yemen and armed forces of Yemen shut down the sea on these countries as a punishment.

No, it is impossible for Bitcoin to replace any fiat currency least of which the US dollar. Anybody who claims otherwise has no understanding of the world, the economy and how the governments work.

They need to have a control over their own fiat currency to run their country. See the handful of countries that don't have a currency of their own and see how messed up their country and their economy is.
A regime like the US regime, requires full control specially on the fiat they print. Imagine for a moment where nobody used the dollar and were using Bitcoin instead. How would Biden print trillions of dollars worth of Bitcoin to cover this massive and constantly increasing budget deficit? The whole system would fall apart.

There is nothing wrong with this subject or with bringing it up. You just have to learn to use more accurate terminology.

To answer your question, there is nothing stopping anybody from creating a copy of Bitcoin protocol or Bitcoin blockchain and creating a new altcoin like BCH, BCH-SV, BSV, BTCX, BTD,.... like 2017. The only thing stopping them is the fact that creating such useless copies can only work for a little while at the beginning (ie. 2017) but people slowly learn about their uselessness and most importantly learn how to dump their "airdropped coins" which means the price of these shitcoins drops a lot quicker now compared to the beginning where majority of users were confused about how they should sell them.

There are different types of social media, forums like bitcointalk are also one of the types.

Basically any form of social media where the communication is mostly one sided (eg. twitter, telegram, instagram, etc.) becomes the perfect "breeding ground for scammers" because it is harder to debunk their advertisements. For example you can't go on a private telegram group and tell people they're running a scam because they will ban you.

But forums are different. The communication is a lot more bidirectional in comparison. So for example if someone starts a scam topic on this forum, there are countless members who would start warning about that scam even in the same topic.

So people have to learn who they trust and where they get their information from. Majority of social media platforms are only good for "cat pics" and must not be used for anything else.

That's true about the nature of this scam but I'd like to clarify for the readers that the bold part is not exactly correct since these things are not tokens. It's just arbitrary data. To simplify a token has a definition and needs a smart contract on a smart contract platform where it is enforced.

Bottom line is that the following code snippet that I placed in my comment on this forum is as much a token as the Ordinals Attack transactions are:
I could even find a stupid person and sell them this exact comment for real money calling it "PRC-20 token" (P stands for Pooya lol) but that wouldn't make it a token. It's just arbitrary data.

Well, I'm blunt about certain topics! So I have to disagree. Those bag-holding such altcoins "may get lucky" and their bags get pumped but they can't call themselves "investors" or what they have a "portfolio" because what they really have is a "lottery ticket" considering they don't have a potential to rise, they should only get pumped to rise.

BTW when I say rise, I'm talking a bout their value going up which would show up in their price going up against bitcoin not when bitcoin price goes up and they get dumped against bitcoin but their dollar price goes up a little creating the illusion of a rise.

Maybe if the market is matured. Otherwise history shows that the altcoin market is only going to grow in number of junk in it rather than shrinking.

That's exactly the pumps I was talking about. You don't need to become a bag-holder to enjoy such big pumps and the resulting profit.