Here is my guide for people like me who are not familiar with linux to get cgminer running on a Raspberry Pi. Note that dlasher and burger did 99% of the work here. I just verified it and added some comments. Thanks guys!
Of course, big thanks to ckolivas and kano for doing the other 99.99% of the work writing cgminer.
The first week of my mined bitcoins will be donated to you two. (If you think it is worth adding all or part of this to the README, please do. Or just a link to this post?)
Start with a fresh install of the Raspbian OS. I used the 2012-09-18 release.
On first boot, configure the keyboard, password, locale and timezone as appropriate.
Optionally, change the memory_split, ssh and boot_behavior.
Choose "update" to get any recent updates.
Choose <Finish> and reboot. (type "sudo reboot" at command prompt)
A) If you have choosen boot_behavior to boot direct to desktop, open an LXterminal window.
B) If you have choosen boot_behavior to NOT boot direct to desktop, log in. You now have 2 choices:
1) (recommended) type "startx" to start the desktop then open an LXterminal window.
2) use the command line directly
All of the following commands are typed at the command line.
Do NOT type anything on lines starting with "##" (including the "##") as these are comments for you.
## Install all required tools
sudo apt-get install build-essential git dh-autoreconf libcurl4-gnutls-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev libusb-dev libncurses-dev libudev-dev yasm screen
## This will ask you:
## Do you want to continue [Y/n]?
## Press Y and Enter (Then wait many minutes for it to finish)
## Get the latest version of cgminer
cd /usr/src
sudo git clone https://github.com/ckolivas/cgminer.git
cd cgminer
## Set the flags for the compiler
CFLAGS="-g -O2 -W -Wall"
## Configure cgminer
## Do not type any un-used options. See the README of cgminer for details.
## For example if you do not have any Butterfly Labs hardware, to not type "--enable-bitforce"
sudo ./autogen.sh --enable-scrypt --enable-bitforce --enable-icarus --enable-modminer --enable-ztex --with-libudev
## I have a BFL single so I used:
## sudo ./autogen.sh --enable-bitforce --with-libudev
## Again, wait many minutes for this to finish
## When done, you should see a block of text that starts with something like this:
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------
## cgminer 2.7.6
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------
##
## Configuration Options Summary:
##
## If you do not see that or the last line is an error, do not continue.
## build cgminer
sudo make clean
sudo make
## Again, wait many minutes for this to finish
## Connect and power up your FPGA hardware then run cgminer
## Substitute the proper values you use for yourpool, yourport, youruser, and yourpassword
/usr/src/cgminer/cgminer -S auto -o http://www.yourpool.com:yourport -u youruser -p yourpassword
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(Although I used linux in a previous life a little bit, I'm mostly a Windblows guy. 
