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6000万留守儿童应进城入学
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Topic: 6000万留守儿童应进城入学 (Read 334 times)
healtheworld
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6000万留守儿童应进城入学
May 02, 2015, 02:02:35 AM
#1
4月初,国务院教育督导委员会办公室发布的《2014年全国义务教育均衡发展督导评估》显示,2014年,全国进城务工随迁子女在校生达到1294.7万人,79 .5%的随迁子女在公办学校就读。去年,各地政府也把进城务工人员随迁子女入学纳入区域发展规划、财政保障体系和学区招生计划,在学籍管理、招生升学、评选优秀等方面落实同城待遇,保障进城务工随迁子女平等就学权。
这还远远不够。2013年,中国农民工总量为2.7亿,其中1.66亿的外出农民工中,仅有3525万人举家外出,只占20%。对应的就是80%的家庭把未成年子女留在家庭,亦即留守儿童。2013年,全国妇联发布的《我国农村留守儿童、城乡流动儿童状况研究报告》显示,全国有农村留守儿童6102.55万,占农村儿童37.7%,占全国儿童21.88%。
留守儿童的出现源于中国劳动力市场的“离土不离乡”政策,农业劳动力向城市转移过程中,限于户籍政策,城市不向新移民提供义务教育,医疗保险也无法携带进城,农业劳动力无法举家进城。数亿农业劳动力进城之后,儿童、老人留守农村,出现所谓的农村空心化。
未成年子女与父母一起居住是一项基本人权。儿童处于成长发育期,父母是其观念塑造、生活习惯培养最重要的领路人,缺乏父母关注和呵护的儿童,往往会出现性格孤僻、自觉性差等心理缺陷,严重制约儿童未来的发展潜力。父母外出还导致留守儿童相对较高的失学率,祖父母的低教育水平,也限制了其对留守儿童的教育辅导。
为此,《联合国儿童权利公约》第九条(禁止与双亲分离)明确规定,“签约国不得违反父母之意思,保护儿童不与其父母分离”,中国是缔约国家,本应在各项法律法规中保障这一权利。因此,《义务教育法》第十二条第二款规定:“父母或者其他法定监护人在非户籍所在地工作或者居住的适龄儿童、少年,在其父母或者其他法定监护人工作或者居住地接受义务教育的,当地人民政府应当为其提供平等接受义务教育的条件。”《未成年人保护法》第二十八条也明确指出,“各级人民政府应当保障未成年人受教育的权利,并采取措施保障家庭经济困难的、残疾的和流动人口中的未成年人等接受义务教育。”
遗憾的是,各地方政府没有很好地落实法律的要求,出现了普遍性的限制非户籍常住人口子女接受义务教育的现象。数据显示,46 .74%农村留守儿童的父母都外出,他们没有随父母进城,而在农村接受教育,其主因自然是城市不向他们提供义务教育。北京等地,更是出现了“以学控人”等手段,大幅提高非户籍常住人口子女的入学门槛,试图以此将非户籍人口赶离北京。
从宏观视角来看,中国的城市化率在2030年预计会超过70%。这些留守儿童中的绝大多数未来都将是城市里的市民,将在城市里工作、生活。他们的素质高低、文明程度也决定着未来新增城市化的质量。
农村的就业与生活和城市是截然不同的,大到要理解就业市场形势、产业结构变革,以调整自己的工作选择和学习进修,小到要学会排队、养成每天刷牙洗澡的卫生习惯。现有的农村生活环境,即便能学习到这些知识,也没办法养成习惯。等他们长大成人,习惯就很难再去改变。让他们早一点进城,在城里生活并接受义务教育,意味着他们可以从小就习惯于城市文明,也避免了无人照看他们,走向不健康的人生道路。
留守儿童的城市化应该是最容易的。他们的父母在城里打工多年,多半已经适应了城市生活和工作,只要城里不对义务教育入学设门槛,留守儿童很容易跟随父母在城市里读书,不仅提高了城市化的质量,也消除了未来城市化的隐患。
今天的城市并非没有容纳留守儿童的义务教育资源。首先,多数城市的户籍人口因为严格执行计划生育,义务教育招生数骤减,像上海2005年的小学在校生数仅为历史高点的一半。这些城市为此不得不撤校、并校,缩减义务教育规模。其次,绝大多数城市都在扩张,表现在住宅、商业等用地规模成倍激增,但城市规划并没有在公共服务上做好迎接新移民的准备,没有配备足够多的学校、医院。就现实来看,留守儿童进城读书的难点或许只在决策者的观念,还有待于社会舆论去推动改变。
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