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富裕该如何定义
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healtheworld
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富裕该如何定义
May 02, 2015, 02:03:17 AM
#1
要告诉某个具体人如何富裕起来,至少对我自己是一件困难的事情。但对于一个多数人能享有比较富裕的生活的社会,经济学者应该能说出其中的根由来。
一个多数人富裕的社会,换句话说是少数人贫穷的社会,大略可以这样描述:一是基本健康的处于劳动年龄的人口被卷入大规模的社会分工体系,其中工业劳动者与资本装备紧密结合,形成极高的劳动生产率。二是全社会居民家庭的食品开支占总支出的比重大体在20%以下,多数居民不再为吃饭发愁。三是约多数家庭居住在独栋房屋中。四是因为吃饭无虞、金融业发达、社会保障制度健全,居民一般很少储蓄。五是人际之间以志趣和信念或信仰等非伦理关系为纽带,建立各种正式或非正式的组织;人们进入或退出职业共同体变得频繁和容易,人的社会流动性增加。
这里对富裕家庭的居住形态要多说几句。人与人之间保持一个安全距离,是健康心理满足的重要条件。如果条件允许,人们通常会选择独栋房屋居住。多数情况下,一个富裕社会大多能够满足这种要求,当然少数例外也是有的,如新加坡。按中国的综合条件,三分之二的城市家庭也有可能在并不遥远的将来住独栋房屋,但眼下实际情形却是一线城市的老百姓购买一套单元楼房也相当不易。这当然不能怪老百姓挣钱不努力,只能怪相关的土地制度及住房产业政策。
迄今为止,在一座城市,一个地区,乃至一个大国家,人们普遍富裕是一种不多见的现象。人类从开始使用语言,到现在的几百万年里,少数人类共同体出现普遍富裕现象,时间不超过300年,这如同人终其一生才过了两三天好日子。而且,这还不是全部人类的命运;现在够得上普遍富裕的较大规模人类群体,按群体成员数量做计算,也才是人类总数的五分之一左右。尽管如此,这已经算相当不错的开端了;生在当今时代,算是比较幸运的。
过去西方人有个说法,叫做“上帝的归上帝、恺撒的归恺撒”,这表达了一个大的分工秩序概念。如果再加上“个人的归个人、市场的归市场”,就可大略描述出西方社会的宏观分工秩序。而人们通常说的分工,则是指产业分工,这种分工在技术进步与市场竞争的驱动下,带来巨大生产力,由此使人们的生活变得丰裕起来。人类共同体的分工秩序当然不是一种完全雷同的模式,例如,不同的大共同体有不同的“上帝”(宗教),也有不同的“恺撒”(政治),但分工的性质却是共性,差异大抵在程度不同。
要形成令人满意的分工秩序,两个最基本的规则不可少。一个是私人领域谁投入谁受益,有了这个规则才能激励人们去创造,社会才有活力。但只有这个规则不行,因为没有投入能力的人士就无法生存。于是,还要有另一个规则,即在公共领域大家要一起享受公共品,只要谁是共同体的居民,不论他是否有贡献,也要享受公共品。
这两个规则写在纸面上容易,实施起来又不容易,其中,第一个规则需要产权制度支撑,第二个规则需要现代政治制度支撑,建立这种基础性的制度很难一蹴而就,但也不必悲观。
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