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中国如何跨越中等收入陷阱
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Topic: 中国如何跨越中等收入陷阱 (Read 342 times)
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中国如何跨越中等收入陷阱
May 02, 2015, 02:12:17 AM
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据每日经济新闻报道,4月24日,财政部部长楼继伟在清华大学发表题为“中高速增长的可能性及实现途径”的演讲。他指出在未来的5年或10年中国滑入中等收入陷阱的可能性很大、五五开,并解释这是因为中国太快进入老龄化社会、工资增速快于劳动生产率的增长以及劳动力市场趋于僵化、保护过度。
中等收入陷阱指的是一个国家经济高速增长到中等收入水平(人均GDP在1000美元到12000美元)后,开始停滞。这时的经济体,既难以与先进经济体的高新科技创新相竞争,也难以与低收入经济体的廉价生产成本进行竞争。
国际经验来看,从1980年到2000年20年的期间内,阿根廷年均增长0.2%、巴西为0.4%、墨西哥为0.7%,南非不仅没有增长,还是负增长,为-0.8%。这些国家在中国改革开放之初已经是中等收入国家,到现在三十年过去了,还没有走出中等收入国家之列。与之对应的是东南亚的韩国,中国台湾等经济体,顺利地走出中等收入陷阱,进入高收入行列。
根据报道,楼继伟部长为此开出的药方是,从保证劳动力自由流动入手,扩大劳动力供给、增强劳动力市场的灵活性,包括鼓励农产品进口、进一步向城市转移劳动力,改革户籍尤其是那些农业劳动力最愿意落户的省份与城市,调整现有《劳动合同法》、增加劳动关系的灵活性,以及社会保险全国统筹、用制度保障劳动力在全国的自由流动。
这些措施直指当前经济转型的核心障碍。中国经济增长乏力,是因为城市化的内需拉动力度还不够,最关键的是很多地方政府的眼光仍然只盯住卖地盖房、中央政府总是想把劳动力引导到中小城镇。
但经济集聚的现实是就业机会和经济产出越来越向城市群集中,尤其是特大城市,这些城市恰恰越来越不欢迎外来人口,千方百计地要限制他们,允许他们就业,但不允许他们落户、举家迁到城市。眼下区域之间巨大的人均GDP的落差,显示的正是受制于户籍制度,落后地区劳动力无法通过流动而提高劳动生产率。这也造成了发达地区的劳动力短缺,工资增速远快于劳动生产率的增速。
中等收入陷阱的危害不仅在于增长停滞,还有随之而来的收入差距过大,是长期经济增长停滞的主要原因。巴西之败,正是基尼系数一度高达0.6。国际经验表明,顺利从中等收入跨入高收入的国家,当时的基尼系数都是相对低的(0.4以下),跨越失败而停留在中等收入的国家,收入差距都很大。
相对于橄榄型社会的价值观、消费偏好的一致性,收入差距过大容易撕裂社会,社会不易达成共识,人群对立。政府在提供公共服务时,也容易陷入高标准还是低标准的争论,不得不满足低收入人群、贫困人群的基本要求,做出妥协,忽视长期的经济发展。
如何解决收入差距?药方仍然在强化劳动力自由流动和推进市场化改革。收入差距的三大根源在于城乡差距、区域差距和行业差距。前两者的差距主要是劳动力难以充分自由流动造成的,农民和落后地区的劳动力是低收入的根源。而行业差距主要是市场化改革不力,国企和财产性收入为主体的职工享受了制度与税收上的优惠,造成不公。为此,需要在未来势必要做出户籍、人口等社会政策的调整。
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