Ubuntu is configured to detect these volumes, normally it'll ask you for the password if you pop it in (not in Tails). Obviously if there is damage, you'll have to do more. Hopefully it's just a case of Tails moving the option somewhere..
For starters, have a look at the Ubuntu manual for LUKS.
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemsOnRemovableStorage It shows you how to create these volumes, and mount them by hand.
Insert your usb and do `dmesg | tail -n 20` to quickly learn the device.
`sudo fdisk -l /dev/<device>` to see the partition layout (lowercase L)
`sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/<device> map_my_usb`
Should prompt for your password.
`sudo mkdir /media/my_usb && mount /dev/mapper/map/ /media/my_usb`
If this worked, you're in! If not, you have bigger problems.
https://www.lisenet.com/2013/luks-add-keys-backup-and-restore-volume-header/ Covers your LUKS header, which if damaged, means cryptsetup doesn't have the metadata required to derive the key..
I managed to get access with a huge amount of effort, but this article appeared to go into some thing you can do to fix corruption:
http://blog.miketoscano.com/?p=72Good luck!