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薛理泰:美中南沙战略博弈之走向
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Topic: 薛理泰:美中南沙战略博弈之走向 (Read 344 times)
Big0Bang
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薛理泰:美中南沙战略博弈之走向
June 29, 2015, 04:44:30 AM
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中国填海造地引起美中两国在南中国海的对峙,一度风云陡起。稍早中国海军分别由各部队政治部和各地武装部转发通知,近两年退役的各级士官6月底前回原部队报到。据称理由是近年新军舰下水多,海军演习频繁,专业人员不足,召回退役士官,以资熟手。实际上,当与美日澳三国针对中国填海造地的反制动作有关。
美国亚太事务助理国务卿拉塞尔6月18日表示,美国决不会与中国在南中国海搞军事对抗,这不符合任何一方的利益。南中国海问题是中国与其他声索国之间的问题,期待各方以外交途径解决争端。紧绷的局势一时峰回路转,此番表态应该是美方为23日、24日在华府举行的第七轮中美战略与经济对话释出善意。
美方的表态与中国的姿态也有关。中国外交部发言人陆慷6月16日在紧急新闻发布会上声称:“中国在南沙群岛部份驻守岛礁上的建设将于近期完成陆域吹填工程”,显示中国在南沙填海造地的目标和规模是有限的,而且完工在即,“志不在大”,美国实在无须为此大做文章。
拉塞尔表态时降低了调门,应该同此项声明直接有关。北京此项决定可圈可点,也为日后在一场国际危机的相持阶段中,各方在进行互动的方式上另辟一条蹊径。
这次美中在南中国海骤然对峙,据笔者研判,肇始于美国对基本盘和随机动因的考量,此即风源所在,此处不赘。诸项因素中,画龙点睛的是中国在南中国海大规模填海造地,美方认为此乃中国军力南下的嚆矢(编按:音hāo shǐ,响箭。发射时声比箭先到,比喻事物的开端或先行)。
南沙岛屿距中国本土1500公里,在岛屿机场(如不沉的航母)上起飞的新锐战机的作战半径达1500公里。换言之,中国空军打击范围涵盖本土以外3000公里的敌舰、敌机,若与航母战斗群配合,战力相得益彰。
亚洲大国在西太平洋大踏步南下或东进,美国决不会坐视不理。当年日军攻佔法属中南半岛,促使美国连同荷属东印度立即对日本停止供应石油、橡胶和废铁,成为太平洋战争的张本,即先例。
当前亚太地区占世界人口的40%、经济总量的57%、贸易额的48%,是全球经济发展速度最快的地区。何况,中国作为亚洲大国,综合国力坐二望一,“老大老二”的结构性矛盾,业已成为左右美中关系未来走向的主旋律。基于此,2009年美国前国务卿希拉莉首次提出“重返亚太”的构想,至今美国已经将“亚太再平衡”列为世纪大战略。
2020年前美国将在亚太地区部署海空军60%的军力。以海军为例,最先进的65艘军舰转移至此,包括六个航母舰队、DDG级导弹驱逐舰、“滨海”战斗舰、 “海神”侦察机、“咆哮者”电战机以及F-35C联合攻击战机等。
海军陆战队作为独立军种,目前在亚太地区驻军1.9万人,2017年将增至2.2万人。连美国陆军也是如此。五角大楼宣布陆军将从52万人减至44人,而去年太平洋司令部所辖陆军不减反增,从6万人增至10万多人。类似的军事部署不一而足。
事态是相当明确的:美国或许会视情势发展,在其他地区、其他事项上实行,“亚太再平衡”这一世纪大战略却绝不会动摇。对此,假若有关国家官员、学者对此尚有怀疑,则须质疑其政治判断力了。
谈到美中两国在南中国海进行战略博弈的走向,兹事体大。若论未来走向的脉络究竟如何,估计将会受下列因素影响:
其一,美国国内政治要求政府全盘调整对华政策,几乎势不可挡。可以预估,明年无论谁当选美国总统,都可能全方位调整对中国的政策,在军事、外交等层面,原先的“防”将一跃而为“抗”,持续多年,涉及面广泛,影响深远。届时,所谓的经济上“我中有你”、人员往来上“日益频繁”的说法,皆成明日黄花矣。
其二,倘若中国自恃国力强盛,有所膨胀、躁动,“小不忍则乱大谋”,美国及其盟国必然结网以待,请君入瓮。在危机酝酿阶段,双方经过系列互动以后,中国在南中国海将面对美、日、韩、澳、印度加上东盟(亚细安)中越南、菲律宾诸国的实质性军事联盟。这是不待智者而决的。设若成为现实,亚洲版新冷战隐然浮现,则来日可忧。
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薛理泰:美中南沙战略博弈之走向
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