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葛红亮:巫统的基因缺陷及其政治前途
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Topic: 葛红亮:巫统的基因缺陷及其政治前途 (Read 387 times)
Big0Bang
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葛红亮:巫统的基因缺陷及其政治前途
June 29, 2015, 04:45:06 AM
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作为巫统曾经的掌舵者,马哈迪再过半年多就满90岁了。这位主掌巫统和影响马来西亚最为长久的政治人物,退而不休、老而不闲,在2003年退居“二线”后仍不断发声。在“呛”倒其一手提拔起来的继任者阿都拉后,马哈迪故态依旧,一旦对巫统领导人产生不满,再度祭出他的杀手锏——“炮轰”和言语攻击,又将充斥媒体头条。
今次,巫统主席、马来西亚政府首相纳吉成为马哈迪炮轰的对象,而前者也是其一手提拔的继任者。在第一篇“炮轰”博客发布后,马哈迪与纳吉你来我往“隔空对话”已经多个回合,前者的“竭斯底里”与后者对权力的“不离不弃”,成为此次巫统内部党争闹剧的主要特征。
巫统党内争斗可谓是“优良传统”,很好地得到了继承,在漫长岁月里,内斗居然奇迹般地没有影响其对政权的长期把持。但巫统如今已经面临着马来西亚政治“转型”所带来的挑战,这对于基因先天就有缺陷的巫统来说,或将是致命的。
巫统,是马来民族统一机构(UMNO)的简称,该政党成立于1946年5月。巫统的成立及其运作,是以维护与服务马来人的利益为宗旨,它是马来人在战后反对英国殖民当局和谋求自身政治地位和利益的结果。也就是说,巫统自诞生之日起,就是个纯粹的单一民族政党,而这对于包含多民族、多元文化的马来西亚来说,无疑是先天性的基因缺陷。
马来地区历史悠久。在漫长的历史变迁中,区域内外人口迁徙加剧了地区民族与文化的多元性,而土生的马来人、南下的华人与向东迁徙的印度人,逐渐成为该地区三个主要民族。马来地区的多民族、多文化特征,成为后来西方殖民者统治时奉行“分而治之”政策的依据。殖民者往往视马来人为殖民统治的“代言人”,而把华人与印度人置于下等人的地位。
作为“代言人”,马来人自感地位崇高,但这份“荣耀”所带来的光环,因战后英国殖民者殖民政策的改变和对马来人实行高压政策,大有褪去之意。为抵制英国的新殖民政策和维护马来人的利益,马来人——以柔佛的“半岛马来人运动”(Peninsular Malay Movement)与雪兰莪的“马来人协会”(Persatuan Melayu Selangor)为主导,1946年3月在吉隆坡召开了“泛马马来民族大会”,并在5月11日的第二次正式会议上成立了巫统。巫统作为一个单一民族政党的基因也从这里开始。
虽然巫统首任主席翁惹化(Datuk Onn Jaafar)为达到民族团结和实现马来亚独立的目标,曾提议将其他族群纳入巫统之中,但他的提议在党内遭到强烈反对。他的辞职与被边缘化表明,巫统作为单一纯粹的民族政党,有着非常深厚的民族主义基础。在取得部分自治后,巫统纠合马华公会和印度人国大党(形成“国民阵线”,简称“国阵”),取得了执政地位。但根据1955年的“社会契约”,华人、印度人等其他非马来人承认和尊重马来人的特殊地位。无疑,这在侧面深刻地反映了巫统在自我建构之初,就确立了单一民族政党性质,也同时确立了重建马来人特殊崇高地位的目标。
不仅如此,巫统还有一个与生俱来的缺陷,这就是天然般的封建属性。早期的巫统领导人,翁惹化与东姑阿都拉曼(Tunku Abdul Rahman)均是马来地方显赫的王公贵族。这就使巫统早早地就烙上了马来封建统治的印记。换句话说,巫统就是马来封建王公在新时代,为继续确保自身显赫统治地位而建立了带有深刻封建色彩的政党。受此影响,长期以来巫统内部主仆、裙带关系严重,派系林立以至于内斗不已,高层腐败丑闻频出。直到现今,巫统的封建性仍十分严重,而这些特征也都无不是眼下媒体聚焦巫统的关键词。
跨民族投票或成为可能
直至目前,马国的政治体制一直是典型的竞争型威权主义(Competitive Authoritarianism)或选举型威权主义(Electoral Authoritarianism)。该政治体制类型有着下述三方面主要特征:其一,存在一个独大的执政党(巫统),反对党受到限制;其二,选举虽然实现一人一票,但受到控制或操纵,其中的公正性不足;其三,权力结构方面,一党独大的执政党与国家难以区分。马国的竞争型威权体制虽然由于多方面的因素,仍存在着强大的生命力,但随着马国经济与社会现代化进程的推进,依然避免不了最终消解的命运。也即,马国的政治“转型”势所必然。
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葛红亮:巫统的基因缺陷及其政治前途
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