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实验室造出人造精子:没尾巴无法游动可量产
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Topic: 实验室造出人造精子:没尾巴无法游动可量产 (Read 241 times)
Big0Bang
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实验室造出人造精子:没尾巴无法游动可量产
July 20, 2015, 10:59:21 AM
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据国外媒体报道,具有足够雄性基因,能成功使卵细胞受精的人工精子已经研制出来,并且可以批量生产。利用这种人工精子,中国科学家成功繁殖出了“半克隆”小鼠。据报道,这种人工精子没有尾巴,无法游动。
精子通常具有长长的尾巴,帮助它们游向卵子,但科学家制造出来的人工精子缺少这一特征
科学家称,利用这一技术可以繁殖出大量基因改造的实验动物,将加快对癌症等疾病的研究。不过需要补充的是,将这种人工精子技术用在人类身上还为时过早,因为在动物实验中,有高达80%的后代死亡。
来自中国科学院上海生命科学研究院生物化学与细胞生物学研究所的李劲松研究员主持了这一项目,他在接受媒体采访时称,利用这种人造精子细胞可以便捷、高效地繁殖出一大批半克隆的小鼠,而它们将战斗在对抗癌症以及其他遗传性疾病的第一线。
“对实验动物来说,20%的健康后代或许已经足够好,但在人类身上就不行了,”李劲松研究员说,“如果该技术用在人类精子上,会导致出生时有80%会死亡或有缺陷。”
尽管在此之前,世界其他地方的科学家已经制造出了人工精子,但这些精子都来自干细胞。他们采用的方法也较有争议,因为这些干细胞直接取自胚胎。
李劲松研究员及其同事正在开发的这项技术并不需要破坏胚胎,他们的研究结果发表在《细胞与干细胞》(Cell Stem Cell)杂志上。2012年,他们宣称将一个精子放入一个已经移除了细胞核和遗传物质的卵细胞中。结果该实验获得了一个类似胚胎细胞的干细胞,具有类似精子的功能,但没有尾巴,无法游动。
研究者利用人造精子成功培养出了半克隆小鼠。这些幼鼠都是雌性小鼠自然生产出来的。上图显示的是已经成年的半克隆小鼠
科学家将精子放入没有细胞核的卵细胞内,生成了行为类似精子的干细胞(图中所示),但不具尾部。这种人工精子能使卵细胞受精,并培养成小鼠幼崽。该技术还需要进一步改进,因为有80%的后代在培养过程中死亡。
科学家称,他们的技术(上图为流程示意图)可以用来制造一支半克隆小鼠“大军”,用于对抗疾病的研究。该技术从左至右涉及到了卵细胞移除细胞核、注入精子头部并培养成干细胞的过程,然后将其中一个干细胞注入健康的卵细胞中
这种干细胞可以用来大批量生成类似的人工细胞。不过,该技术目前的效率还很低,获得的受精卵只能培养出20%的健康后代。在最近的研究中,科学家利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术对人造精子的一些基因进行了修改。
通过关闭两个与胚胎发育有关的基因——H19和Gtl2——科学家发现培养过程的效率有所提高。简单来说,他们移除了一个卵细胞的细胞核,然后把一个精子的头部注入这个卵细胞,将其培养成干细胞,然后再把这些干细胞注入到健康的卵细胞中。在培养出来的后代中约有20%存活下来。
不过,科学家称,他们还需要进一步研究这些经过编辑的基因是否会对动物未来的后代产生影响。李劲松研究员还提到,在人类身上尝试这种技术将可能带来“伦理危 机”;相反,该技术可以提供一种制造基因改造动物的有效方法,从而为实验室中对疾病的研究提供帮助。作者在研究论文中写道:“我们希望这一方法能有助于小 鼠发育和疾病模型的遗传分析。”
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实验室造出人造精子:没尾巴无法游动可量产
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