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[20151027]中心化机构:区块链是怎样加固信任关系的
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Topic: [20151027]中心化机构:区块链是怎样加固信任关系的 (Read 260 times)
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[20151027]中心化机构:区块链是怎样加固信任关系的
October 27, 2015, 05:17:07 AM
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在中心化机构中,信任关系有五个要素:条件性(conditionality)、可靠性(dependability)、效率性(efficiency)、脆弱性(vulnerability)以及可追责性(accountability)。
任何信任关系是在一定的条件上才成立的。“无条件信任”本来就是一个伪命题,每一种信任关系都有其对应的历史和社会因素。一旦这些因素发生改变,与之相关的信任关系就会被调整,甚至走向消亡。
信任关系的可靠性是与条件性高度相关的。形成信任关系的条件要素越稳定,信任关系就越为可靠。当信任关系建立起来后,有了稳定的条件性和高度的可靠性,就能显著地提高在信任关系内的有关对象处理事务的效率。但是,当信任关系的条件基础发生改变,其可靠性就有可能降低,就会对信任关系内的一方或者多方的利益造成损害,这就是信任关系的脆弱性。
可追责性既是在信任关系被破坏、各方利益受损后“盲羊补牢”的必备条件,也是在一定程度上防范信任关系被破坏的因素。当可追责性越明显、越稳固,信任关系内的各方则必须考虑到破坏这个信任关系所要付出的代价。可追责性必须在信任关系破裂后依然能够续存,才有防范和警示的作用。
区块链的中心化应用:提高可追责性的法宝
在传统的中心化模式下,可追责性是由中心化的记录系统所保证的。即使引入第三方的中心化监管模式,也无法杜绝该第三方被渗透、破坏或者是造假的可能性。也就是说,在这种模式下,可追责性依然是通过信任关系维持的——你必须相信让系统维持可追责性的有关个人或组织能够真实、准确、按时地记录在信任关系内发生的有关事务,不管这些个人或组织是属于责任承担方还是与责任无关的独立第三方。
笔者认为,区块链技术对可追责性上的带来的最大改变,就是它实现了数据历史和数据内容在不同参与者中的可双向校验性。在传统的中心化应用模式下(如流行病疫情的汇报),某个终端医院的医生使用中心化的疫情汇报系统向上级部门发送数据,但这个医生完全没有办法确定自己发出去的数据能够被上级部门的系统诚实地记录和转发到更上级的部门中,成为制定有效防疫政策的依据。(这在当年的非典疫情中是个很严峻的问题)。
用最简单的说法,就是传统的中心化模式下,A无法证明自己发送到B的数据在时间和内容上都是正确的,除非B愿意配合提供准确的记录;而B也无法证明A发送过来的数据在时间和内容上都没有经过自己的篡改。即使引入第三方监管C的中心化系统,A和B也要承担C无法如实提供准确数据的风险,而C照样无法在发生信任争议的情况下厘清自己的责任。
但在区块链技术下,由于每个数据节点都可以在保证真实性和完整性的情况下对完整的数据历史和数据内容进行查看和备份,因此对可追责性带来了不少的改进——该医生不能在自己漏报瞒报的情况下对上级的中心化系统管理方面“反咬一口”,称上级部门篡改记录;上级部门也不能在接收到疫情报告后对里面的时间和具体数据进行单方面的改动,因此极大地提高了有关方面的可追责性;而第三方的监管机构对数据的监管和维护责任明显地分离开来,更提高了监管的公信力。
德勤会计师事务所最近用区块链技术去改善审计业务的尝试,也与区块链技术对可追责性带来的进步是分不开的。
结束语
区块链技术解决了在无法建立信任关系(或无需信任关系)的系统中建立共识的难题,但区块链技术并不是去中心化系统的专利。在依靠信任关系建立起来的中心化系统下,使用区块链技术依然能够显著地提高信任关系中的可追责性,从而增加任何一方破坏信任关系的成本,最终达到提高信任关系的可靠性的目的。这也是中心化的银行和机构开始尝试采用区块链技术去改进内部业务流程的原因。
转自:万向区块链实验室
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[20151027]中心化机构:区块链是怎样加固信任关系的
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