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Human actions are compromising the survival of many endangered animals whose population has been reduced to negligible numbers. Unfortunately, there are many species for which there is nothing we can do, since they have completely disappeared and we can only know them through photographs.
These are just some of the animals that have become extinct over the past two centuries.
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Top 10 extinct animals
1. Black Rhino. Recently a white rhino died at the San Diego Zoo, leaving only five in the world. But the black rhino is also threatened. With fewer than 5,000 left in the wild in the grasslands and deserts of coastal east Africa, they're sometimes killed for food but their double horns are a valuable product in this impoverished area. Ninety-six percent of their population was destroyed from 1970 to 1992. Conflict in countries like Sudan, Rwanda and Somalia has hampered conservation efforts.
2. Javan Rhino. Indonesia's Javan rhino is even more threatened than the black rhino, with possibly only 35 remaining. They're dying of disease and an invasive species that has destroyed their food source. Poaching already wiped out a subspecies of this rhino in Vietnam in 2010 and threatens this one as well. They also face threats from reduced genetic diversity and natural disasters such as volcanos and tsunamis.
3. Hawksbill Turtle. Found in tropical oceans, especially coral reefs, they feed on sponges, sea anemone and jellyfish and are essential to the health of coral reefs. They're fighting threats from every direction, including habitat disruption, pollution, poor fishery practices and illegal trade in their prized shells.
4. Soala. Often called the Asian unicorn, this previously unknown mammal was discovered in Vietnam in 1992. It's unclear how many there are since they tend to elude human contact, with estimates ranging from a few dozen to a few hundred. The forests of Vietnam and Laos where they live are being cut down to expand agriculture, forcing them into ever-smaller territory. Closer contact with humans means they're more hunted as well.
5. South China Tiger. This species of tiger hasn't been seen in the wild for 25 years, existing only in zoos. Although hunting them was outlawed in China in 1979 and its survival made a conservation priority there in 1995, the country's rapid development has meant that their habitat is fragmented into areas too small to support a population.
6. Yangtze Finless Porpoise. The Yangtze River was once home to two porpoise species, but one, the Baiji dolphin, was declared extinct in 2006, the first time human activity wiped a dolphin species off the planet. The Yangtze finless porpoise has a remaining population of less than 2,000 individuals and could go the same way as the Baiji if its food supply, threatened by overfishing, continues to dwindle. It's also threatened by pollution and ship movement.
7. Western Lowland Gorilla. This small gorilla, found in the dense rain forests of west central Africa, was once one of the most numerous but its population has been decimated by ebola. And while hunting them for bushmeat is illegal, timber and other companies making forays into distant forests have also made poaching and bushmeat trade easier—and facilitated the transfer of ebola to humans.
8. Vaquita. There are probably less than 100 of these rare marine animals left in the wild. They're often caught in gillnets from the illegal fishing trade in protected areas in Mexico's Gulf of California. Half the population has disappeared in the last three years, with one in five drowned as bycatch. They're one of the most critically threatened species.
9. Sumatran Elephant. There are only 2,400-2,800 Sumatran elephants left on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, with half their population gone in one generation due to habitat loss through deforestation by the paper, pulp and palm oil industries. In addition, they're often killed in "human-elephant conflict" when they trample homes and crops—another result of destroying their natural feeding grounds.
10. Mountain Gorilla. This gorilla, which lives in the mountainous forests of central Africa, is jeopardized by human encroachment forcing them into more dangerous territory, as well as by poaching and civil conflicts. They number less than 1,000 but the good news is that, thanks to conservation efforts, their numbers are growing. So they could dodge the extinction bullet.
