You can't. Bitcoin Core doesn't use BIP 38 encryption, it encrypts the wallet (see
here for details, although you don't need this to answer your question).
What you can do, is BIP-38 encrypt that unencrypted private key. You can do this using
bitaddress.org (download and use offline).
But if you take the address from Bitcoin Core, you are using a hot address to create an encrypted backup, which normally defeats the purpose of encrypting it. If your PC would get compromised, it's still not safe as long as Bitcoin Core has the same private key.
Export the private key and encrypt it using BIP 38. This is not a build-in feature of bitcoin core. It uses AES.
Thanks guys. I thought that it was straightforward to do it within Bitcoin Core, but still with this solution I will be able to encrypt it with BIP 38. Just wanted to know about this since I wanted to design my very own paper wallet based from a Bitcoin Core wallet.
By the way, do you think that implementing the wallet details within an NFC tag would be safe? Since the private key would be encrypted there should be no issue, right? Just asking this because I'm going to try a little experiment of redeeming my BTC from within an NFC tag.
Nevertheless, I appreciate your time and effort guys helping me with this. I always learn new stuff here at BCT everyday.