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银行委外的前世今生:趋势已成,需控杠杆
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Topic: 银行委外的前世今生:趋势已成,需控杠杆 (Read 94 times)
Maria122
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银行委外的前世今生:趋势已成,需控杠杆
May 02, 2017, 01:48:12 PM
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近期股市和债市持续波动,原因之一就是监管当局对银行委外业务持续施压,意图降低银行体系内的杠杆比率。
银行委外业务,也称为委托投资业务,指银行将资金委托给外部机构管理人,由外部机构管理人按照约定的范围进行主动管理的投资业务模式。从投资范围来看,一般商业银行自营类委托资金投资范围主要以货币市场类及纯债类资产为主,理财类委托资金的投资范围一般还会加上债券基金、国债期货、利率互换等衍生品,部分针对高端客户发行的银行理财类委托资金的投资范围还可以扩展至包含混合类基金、股指期货、甚至个股类在内的权益资产。截止2016年年中,理财总规模达到26.28万亿,不到2年的时间里,规模几乎翻倍,其中城市商业银行和农村金融机构的理财规模增速更是超过100%。
表一:金融机构理财余额
1
由于对银行发行CD(大额存单)和理财规模没有限制规定,同时2015年以来,中国人民银行为了支持实体经济发展,意图通过实施“利率走廊”,向市场提供低成本的资金,降低利率水平,这相当于向金融机构承诺在利率走廊的下限提供充足的资金供给。2016年上半年,银行发行理财的平均成本3.7%左右,发行CD的成本3%左右,而当时的委外的收益率在4.5%,甚至更高,银行就有了加杠杆获取价差的动力。
如果按0.8-1%的价差和10倍杠杆计算,银行通过发行理财和CD,将同业融进来的钱投到委外产品上,年度收益可以达到8-10%,不仅可以获得丰厚的回报,而且可以通过扩大同业业务增加银行资产规模的效果,可谓是“一举多得”。这也是在缺乏网点资源和投资管理能力的情况下,城市商业银行和农村金融机构迅速扩大规模的“法宝”。
随着美国经济的企稳,美联储逐步进入后QE时代,使得2008年金融危机以来的全球货币宽松局面发生调整。与此同时,经过5年的去库存周期,中国经济也在2016年下半年出现触底企稳的迹象。中国的货币政策随之调整,货币政策的主基调由“宽松”回归“中性”,自2013年底开始下降的长期利率掉头向上,随着长期利率的上升,银行委外业务的杠杆风险也就开始暴露了,许多银行的委外业务已经开始出现亏损。
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