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2019至2022年载人空间站组装建造
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Topic: 2019至2022年载人空间站组装建造 (Read 123 times)
Barbaraert
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2019至2022年载人空间站组装建造
May 02, 2017, 03:11:02 PM
#1
在我国长征七号遥一火箭、天宫二号空间实验室、神舟十一号载人飞船、天舟一号货运飞船的飞行任务先后圆满成功后,中国载人航天工程“第二步”全面胜利,迈入“空间站时代”。
接下来,天舟一号还有哪些后续任务?中国空间站建设进展如何?在28日的国新办发布会上,中国载人航天工程办公室主任王兆耀等就相关问题答记者问。
天舟要释放一颗立方星
4月27日19时07分,天舟一号顺利完成了对天宫二号的推进剂在轨补加技术试验,标志着天舟一号飞行任务取得圆满成功。
后续,天舟一号和天宫二号的组合体要在轨运行两个月左右。王兆耀说,为充分发挥综合效益,天舟一号货运飞船将继续进行与天宫二号空间实验室的组合体飞行以及独立飞行,巩固推进剂在轨补加技术成果,释放搭载的一颗立方星,并视情况开展绕飞、自主快速交会对接等拓展试验。
这其中,推进剂在轨补加和自主快速交会对接试验是国际上公认的航天技术难题。
北京航天飞行控制中心副总工程师孙军说,今后空间站交会对接时,我们不会去控制庞大的空间站进行轨道的机动和调相控制,这就需要货运飞船具备在任意相位角情况下的交会对接能力,这是一个全新的挑战。
“目前,交会对接的准备过程需要两天时间,这个试验成功以后,将来只需要6.5个小时就能实现两个航天器在空间的交会对接。”王兆耀说。此后,天舟一号货运飞船将受控陨落至南太平洋预定海域。
建设空间站只欠东风
据介绍,目前,我国空间站建造和运营的关键技术均已突破,相关配套建设的系统已经建成,具备了建造整个空间站的能力。根据规划,我国将在2019年至2022年前后进行中国空间站的组装建造。
“现在是万事俱备,只欠东风。”王兆耀说,我们现在就等空间站几个舱段主体(包括核心舱、实验舱)研发出来,就可以开始空间站在轨组装建造了。
专家称,相比200多吨的国际空间站和100多吨的和平号空间站,我国空间站可以说规模适度,空间站本体设计的是60多吨,加上飞船和货运飞船总共约90多吨,并具有拓展能力。据中国载人航天工程空间应用系统总设计师赵光恒介绍,未来,我国空间站将在空间生命科学与生物技术、微重力流体物理和燃烧科学、空间材料科学、微重力基础物理、空间天文和天体物理学、空间环境和空间物理、空间地球科学和应用、空间应用新技术试验等8个研究方向、30多个研究主题上开展大规模的空间科学研究和应用。
航天员大量“舱外作业”
航天员是载人航天的核心,“空间站时代”的到来对中国航天员提出更高要求。
王兆耀说,进入“空间站时代”,航天员在轨驻留的时间大大延长,现在能驻留1个月,将来会是3个月、6个月甚至更久。如何保证航天员在空间站长期健康地生活和工作,需要进行一系列的研究。
同时,航天员的“技术技能”将发生很大变化。过去航天员“上天”做的大部分是舱内实验,将来空间站建造阶段,航天员大量的工作可能要在舱外空间进行,这对航天员来说是非常大的挑战。
“在地面上很难创造出舱外空间既真空又失重的条件,只能通过地面模拟试验,而模拟就会有误差,这些误差会给上天后的航天员带来什么影响,这都需要大量的研究和训练。”王兆耀说。
“备战”中国空间站时代,中国航天员正在紧张准备中。王兆耀说,在2019年至2022年前后进行中国空间站的组装建造期间,会根据需要安排若干次的载人飞行,航天员会在空间站驻留,等空间站完全建成后,将实现长期驻留。
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