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一万三千公里外,一国动用航空母舰,把另一国堵在海岸上
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difiberg
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一万三千公里外,一国动用航空母舰,把另一国堵在海岸上
June 06, 2017, 06:09:51 PM
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以覆灭无敌舰队为标志,英国从西班牙手上接过海上霸权、正式崛起。以维多利亚女王加冕印度皇帝为标志,大英帝国称霸全球。然而,两次世界大战的爆发不仅使英国失去霸主地位,还使他实力衰微、丢失所有的殖民地。工党上台后,不仅执行战略收缩,还推行全面国有化,这更使得英国处境雪上加霜。
在这种情况下,开始有国家打英国的注意,妄图从英国身上割肉。这个国家就是阿根廷。
阿根廷,拉美疆域第二大国。因白种人比例占总人口七成以上而对周边国家有莫名的优越感。二十世纪八十年代,阿根廷政治混乱、经济衰退、国内开始动荡不安。为转移矛盾,阿根廷政府选择拿“病夫”英国开刀,具体的目标就是英国海外领土马岛。
马岛,全称“马尔维纳斯群岛”,英国称之为“福克兰群岛”,离英国一万三千多公里,离阿根廷五百公里。最早被法国人发现,后被西班牙人买下。西班牙人将马岛归拉普拉塔总督区管辖,拉普拉塔总督区即后来的阿根廷。不久,因局势动荡,西班牙人被迫放弃,英国人乘机占据并移民。阿根廷独立后,宣称对马岛拥有主权,英国不予理睬。
之所以选择向英国动手,阿根廷人也是“深思熟虑”的,他们认为机会难得。首先,英国国力和军力没有恢复。其次,英国发生政党轮替,保守党取代工党上台。再者,阿根廷与欧美各国交好、外部环境不错。再者,阿军装备更新,空军引进了当时最先进的飞鱼反舰导弹。因此,当阿军“收复”马岛后,容易迫使英国接受“既成事实”。
理论上,阿根廷人的计划具有很强可行性。但是,他们忽略了英国人的自尊和爱国心。以撒切尔夫人为首的保守党本来就对外强硬无比,当1982年3月19日阿军攻占马岛、解除英军武装后,撒切尔夫人更是轻易煽动起全国的愤怒,让议会同意立刻派遣特混编队去南太平洋对阿根廷开战。
虽然不复当年辉煌,但瘦死的骆驼比马大。作为一个海洋国家,英国即使再衰弱也不会放松对海空军的建设。英国皇家海军与空军的整体素质和武器装备依然要比阿军要强得多。通过几场交战,英军没有付出什么代价就迅速取得了马岛附近的制空权、制海权。
阿军虽然比较英勇,但是,唯一的成果就是利用法制飞鱼导弹将英军最先进的四千吨驱逐舰谢菲尔德号击沉,造成了近百人的伤亡。
丧失制空权、制海权之后,阿根廷败局已定。更夸张的是,阿根廷海军与陆军还互不通气、各自为战。1982年5月21日,英军正式登陆马岛。通过海陆空三军协同,轻易击败、迫降所有阿根廷驻军,重新收复海外领地。
这场战争其实具有很大的偶然性。如果阿根廷晚一点动手,英军最后的航母就会出售。晚一点动手,阿军的飞鱼导弹就会得到补充。晚一点动手,大西洋的气候就会不适合英军远征。但是,战争就是实力的比拼,容不得任何侥幸。
战争结束后,震动最大的是美军。二战后,美国发起过无数次海外军事行动。但是,像英国这样,在实力不足、毫无准备和措手不及的情况下,发起万里远征并一战成功,从来没有过。美军将领承认,换成他们也不能比英军做的更好。
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